Assessment of liking for saltiness, sweetness and fattiness sensations in children: Validation of a questionnaire
2018
Lange, Christine | Yuan, Wen Lun | Schoumacker, Rachel | Deglaire, Amélie | de Lauzon-Guillain, Blandine | Chabanet, Claire | Nicklaus, Sophie | Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation [Dijon] (CSGA) ; Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Bourgogne (UB)-AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) | Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC) | Science et Technologie du Lait et de l'Oeuf (STLO) ; Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-AGROCAMPUS OUEST | Equipe 6 : ORCHAD - Origines précoces de la santé du développement de l'enfant (CRESS - U1153) ; Université Paris Descartes - Paris 5 (UPD5)-Centre de Recherche Épidémiologie et Statistique Sorbonne Paris Cité (CRESS (U1153 / UMR_A_1125 / UMR_S_1153)) ; Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Université Paris Descartes - Paris 5 (UPD5)-Université Sorbonne Paris Cité (USPC)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Université Sorbonne Paris Cité (USPC)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) | Université Paris Descartes - Paris 5 (UPD5) | ANR-06-PNRA-0028,OPALINE,OPALINE : Observatoire des Préférences Alimentaires du Nourrisson et de l'Enfant(2006)
The objective of this study was to perform an internal validation of a questionnaire assessing 7–12 years old children’s liking for saltiness, sweetness and fattiness in foods.An 83-item questionnaire validated in adults was adapted for children via vocabulary adaptation, picture addition and removal of little known or consumed items. It was launched online, and a paper version was also available. The construct validity was evaluated in 500 French children aged 7–12 y. An exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was performed to identify the factor structure within each sensation. The adult liking factor structure was also tested on the children’s data to compare the factor structures between adults and children. A confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was performed to validate the factor structure. Finally, a bootstrap analysis was performed to ensure the stability of the structure.Liking for saltiness, sweetness, fattiness-and-saltiness and fattiness-and-sweetness sensations showed meaningful factor structures. After the deletion of some items, a one-factor structure was identified for the liking for saltiness (9 items), and multiple-factor structures were identified for the liking for sweetness (16 items), fattiness-and-saltiness (22 items), and fattiness-and-sweetness (16 items). A fattiness model was estimated based on two subscales, the fattiness-and-saltiness and fattiness-and-sweetness subscales.This self-administered questionnaire, available on line or on paper, enables the creation of a factor structure for saltiness, sweetness, fattiness-and-saltiness, fattiness-and-sweetness, and fattiness liking in children. This questionnaire represents the first self-administered tool designed to assess children’s liking for sweetness, saltiness and fattiness sensations in large cohorts.
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