The global distribution and drivers of wood density and their impact on forest carbon stocks.
2024
MO, L. | CROWTHER, T. W. | MAYNARD, D. S. | HOOGEN, J. V. D. | MA, H. | BIALIC-MURPHY, L. | LIANG, J. | DE-MIGUEL, S. | NABUURS, G. | REICH, P. B. | PHILLIPS, O. L. | ABEGG, M. | YAO, Y. C. A. | ALBERTI, G. | ZAMBRANO, A. M. A. | ALVARADO, B. V. | ALVAREZ-DÁVILA, E. | ALVAREZ-LOAYZA, P. | ALVES, L. F. | AMARAL, I. | AMMER, C. | ANTÓN-FERNÁNDEZ, C. | ARAUJO-MURAKAMI, A. | ARROYO, L. | AVITABILE, V. | AYMARD, G. A. | BAKER, T. R. | BAŁAZY, R. | BANKI, O. | BARROSO, J. G. | BASTIAN, M. L. | BASTIN, J. | BIRIGAZZI, L. | BIRNBAUM, P. | BITARIHO, R. | BOECKX, P. | BONGERS, F. | BOONMAN, C. C. F. | BOURIAUD, O. | BRANCALION, P. H. S. | BRANDL, S. | BREARLEY, F. Q. | BRIENEN, R. | BROADBENT, E. N. | BRUELHEIDE, H. | BUSSOTTI, F. | GATTI, R. C. | CÉSAR, R. G. | CESLJAR, G. | CHAZDON, R. | CHEN, H. Y. H. | CHISHOLM, C. | CHO, H. | CIENCIALA, E. | CLARK, C. | CLARK, D. | COLLETTA, G. D. | COOMES, D. A. | VALVERDE, F. C. | CORRAL-RIVAS, J. J. | CRIM, P. M. | CUMMING, J. R. | DAYANANDAN, S. | GASPER, A. L. DE | DECUYPER, M. | DERROIRE, G. | DEVRIES, B. | DJORDJEVIC, I. | DOLEZAL, J. | DOURDAIN, A. | OBIANG, N. L. E. | ENQUIST, B. J. | EYRE, T. J. | FANDOHAN, A. B. | FAYLE, T. M. | FELDPAUSCH, T. R. | FERREIRA, L. V. | FINÉR, L. | FISCHER, M. | FLETCHER, C. | FRIZZERA, L. | GAMARRA, J. G. P. | GIANELLE, D. | GLICK, H. B. | HARRIS, D. J. | HECTOR, A. | HEMP, A. | HENGEVELD, G. | HÉRAULT, B. | HERBOHN, J. L. | HEROLD, M. | HIETZ, P. | HILLERS, A. | CORONADO, E. N. H. | HUI, C. | IBANEZ, T. | IMAI, N. | JAGODZIŃSKI, A. M. | JAROSZEWICZ, B. | JOHANNSEN, V. K. | JOLY, C. A. | JUCKER, T. | JUNG, I. | KARMINOV, V. | KARTAWINATA, K. | KEARSLEY, E. | KENFACK, D. | KENNARD, D. K. | KEPFER-ROJAS, S. | KEPPEL, G. | KHAN, M. L. | KILLEEN, T. J. | KIM, H. S. | KITAYAMA, K. | KÖHL, M. | KORJUS, H. | KRAXNER, F. | KUCHER, D. | LAARMANN, D. | LANG, M. | LEWIS, S. L. | LI, Y. | LOPEZ-GONZALEZ, G. | LU, H. | LUKINA, N. V. | MAITNER, B. S. | MALHI, Y. | MARCON, E. | MARIMON, B. S. | MARIMON-JUNIOR, B. H. | MARSHALL, A. R. | MARTIN, E. H. | MCCARTHY, J. K. | MEAVE, J. A. | MELO-CRUZ, O. | MENDOZA, C. | MENDOZA-POLO, I. | MISCICKI, S. | MEROW, C. | MENDOZA, A. M. | MORENO, V. S. | MUKUL, S. A. | MUNDHENK, P. | NAVA-MIRANDA, M. G. | NEILL, D. | NELDNER, V. J. | NEVENIC, R. V. | NGUGI, M. R. | NIKLAUS, P. A. | ONTIKOV, P. | ORTIZ-MALAVASI, E. | PAN, Y. | PAQUETTE, A. | PARADA-GUTIERREZ, A. | PARFENOVA, E. I. | PARK, M. | PARREN, M. | PARTHASARATHY, N. | PERI, P. L. | PFAUTSCH, S. | PICARD, N. | PIEDADE, M. T. F. | PIOTTO, D. | PITMAN, N. C. A. | POORTER, L. | POULSEN, A. D. | POULSEN, J. R. | PRETZSCH, H. | AREVALO, F. R. | RESTREPO-CORREA, Z. | RICHARDSON, S. J. | RODEGHIERO, M. | ROLIM, S. G. | ROOPSIND, A. | ROVERO, F. | RUTISHAUSER, E. | SAIKIA, P. | SALAS-ELJATIB, C. | SANER, P. | SCHALL, P. | SCHELHAAS, M. | SCHEPASCHENKO, D. | SCHERER-LORENZEN, M. | SCHMID, B. | SCHÖNGART, J. | SEARLE, E. B. | SEBEN, V. | SERRA-DIAZ, J. M. | SHEIL, D. | SHVIDENKO, A. Z. | SILVA, A. C. DA | SILVA-ESPEJO, J. E. | SILVEIRA, M. | SINGH, J. | SIST, P. | SLIK, F. | SONKÉ, B. | SOSINSKI JUNIOR, E. E. | SOUZA, A. F. | STEREŃCZAK, K. J. | SVENNING, J. | SVOBODA, M. | SWANEPOEL, B. | TARGHETTA, N. | TCHEBAKOVA, N. | STEEGE, H. T. | THOMAS, R. | TIKHONOVA, E. | UMUNAY, P. M. | USOLTSEV, V. A. | VALENCIA, R. | VALLADARES, F. | BODEGOM, P. M. V. | PLAS, F. V. D. | DO, T. V. | NULAND, M. E. V. | VASQUEZ, R. M. | VERBEECK, H. | VIANA, H. | VIBRANS, A. C. | VIEIRA, S. | GADOW, K. V. | WANG, H. | WATSON, J. V. | WERNER, G. D. A. | WITTMANN, F. | WOELL, H. | WORTEL, V. | ZAGT, R. | ZAWIŁA-NIEDŹWIECKI, T. | ZHANG, C. | ZHAO, X. | ZHOU, M. | ZHU, Z. | ZO-BI, I. C. | ZOHNER, C. M. | LIDONG MO | THOMAS W. CROWTHER | DANIEL S. MAYNARD | JOHAN VAN DEN HOOGEN | HAOZHI MA | LALASIA BIALIC-MURPHY | JINGJING LIANG | SERGIO DE-MIGUEL | GERT-JAN NABUURS | PETER B. REICH | OLIVER L. PHILLIPS | MEINRAD ABEGG | YVES C. ADOU YAO | GIORGIO ALBERTI | ANGELICA M. ALMEYDA ZAMBRANO | BRAULIO VILCHEZ ALVARADO | ESTEBAN ALVAREZ-DÁVILA | PATRICIA ALVAREZ-LOAYZA | LUCIANA F. ALVES | IÊDA AMARAL | CHRISTIAN AMMER | CLARA ANTÓN-FERNÁNDEZ | ALEJANDRO ARAUJO-MURAKAMI | LUZMILA ARROYO | VALERIO AVITABILE | GERARDO A. AYMARD | TIMOTHY R. BAKER | RADOMIR BAŁAZY | OLAF BANKI | JORCELY G. BARROSO | MEREDITH L. BASTIAN | JEAN-FRANCOIS BASTIN | LUCA BIRIGAZZI | PHILIPPE BIRNBAUM | ROBERT BITARIHO | PASCAL BOECKX | FRANS BONGERS | COLINE C. F. BOONMAN | OLIVIER BOURIAUD | PEDRO H. S. BRANCALION | SUSANNE BRANDL | FRANCIS Q. BREARLEY | ROEL BRIENEN | EBEN N. BROADBENT | HELGE BRUELHEIDE | FILIPPO BUSSOTTI | ROBERTO CAZZOLLA GATTI | RICARDO G. CÉSAR | GORAN CESLJAR | ROBIN CHAZDON | HAN Y. H. CHEN | CHELSEA CHISHOLM | HYUNKOOK CHO | EMIL CIENCIALA | CONNIE CLARK | DAVID CLARK | GABRIEL D. COLLETTA | DAVID A. COOMES | FERNANDO CORNEJO VALVERDE | JOSÉ J. CORRAL-RIVAS | PHILIP M. CRIM | JONATHAN R. CUMMING | SELVADURAI DAYANANDAN | ANDRÉ L. DE GASPER | MATHIEU DECUYPER | GÉRALDINE DERROIRE | BEN DEVRIES | ILIJA DJORDJEVIC | JIRI DOLEZAL | AURÉLIE DOURDAIN | NESTOR LAURIER ENGONE OBIANG | BRIAN J. ENQUIST | TERESA J. EYRE | ADANDÉ BELARMAIN FANDOHAN | TOM M. FAYLE | TED R. FELDPAUSCH | LEANDRO V. FERREIRA | LEENA FINÉR | MARKUS FISCHER | CHRISTINE FLETCHER | LORENZO FRIZZERA | JAVIER G. P. GAMARRA | DAMIANO GIANELLE | HENRY B. GLICK | DAVID J. HARRIS | ANDREW HECTOR | ANDREAS HEMP | GEERTEN HENGEVELD | BRUNO HÉRAULT | JOHN L. HERBOHN | MARTIN HEROLD | PETER HIETZ | ANNIKA HILLERS | EURÍDICE N. HONORIO CORONADO | CANG HUI | THOMAS IBANEZ | NOBUO IMAI | ANDRZEJ M. JAGODZIŃSKI | BOGDAN JAROSZEWICZ | VIVIAN KVIST JOHANNSEN | CARLOS A. JOLY | TOMMASO JUCKER | ILBIN JUNG | VIKTOR KARMINOV | KUSWATA KARTAWINATA | ELIZABETH KEARSLEY | DAVID KENFACK | DEBORAH K. KENNARD | SEBASTIAN KEPFER-ROJAS | GUNNAR KEPPEL | MOHAMMED LATIF KHAN | TIMOTHY J. KILLEEN | HYUN SEOK KIM | KANEHIRO KITAYAMA | MICHAEL KÖHL | HENN KORJUS | FLORIAN KRAXNER | DMITRY KUCHER | DIANA LAARMANN | MAIT LANG | SIMON L. LEWIS | YUANZHI LI | GABRIELA LOPEZ-GONZALEZ | HUICUI LU | NATALIA V. LUKINA | BRIAN S. MAITNER | YADVINDER MALHI | ERIC MARCON | BEATRIZ SCHWANTES MARIMON | BEN HUR MARIMON-JUNIOR | ANDREW R. MARSHALL | EMANUEL H. MARTIN | JAMES K. MCCARTHY | JORGE A. MEAVE | OMAR MELO-CRUZ | CASIMIRO MENDOZA | IRINA MENDOZA-POLO | STANISLAW MISCICKI | CORY MEROW | ABEL MONTEAGUDO MENDOZA | VANESSA S. MORENO | SHARIF A. MUKUL | PHILIP MUNDHENK | MARÍA GUADALUPE NAVA-MIRANDA | DAVID NEILL | VICTOR J. NELDNER | RADOVAN V. NEVENIC | MICHAEL R. NGUGI | PASCAL A. NIKLAUS | PETR ONTIKOV | EDGAR ORTIZ-MALAVASI | YUDE PAN | ALAIN PAQUETTE | ALEXANDER PARADA-GUTIERREZ | ELENA I. PARFENOVA | MINJEE PARK | MARC PARREN | NARAYANASWAMY PARTHASARATHY | PABLO L. PERI | SEBASTIAN PFAUTSCH | NICOLAS PICARD | MARIA TERESA F. PIEDADE | DANIEL PIOTTO | NIGEL C. A. PITMAN | LOURENS POORTER | AXEL DALBERG POULSEN | JOHN R. POULSEN | HANS PRETZSCH | FREDDY RAMIREZ AREVALO | ZORAYDA RESTREPO-CORREA | SARAH J. RICHARDSON | MIRCO RODEGHIERO | SAMIR G. ROLIM | ANAND ROOPSIND | FRANCESCO ROVERO | ERVAN RUTISHAUSER | PURABI SAIKIA | CHRISTIAN SALAS-ELJATIB | PHILIPPE SANER | PETER SCHALL | MART-JAN SCHELHAAS | DMITRY SCHEPASCHENKO | MICHAEL SCHERER-LORENZEN | BERNHARD SCHMID | JOCHEN SCHÖNGART | ERIC B. SEARLE | VLADIMÍR SEBEN | JOSEP M. SERRA-DIAZ | DOUGLAS SHEIL | ANATOLY Z. SHVIDENKO | ANA CAROLINA DA SILVA | JAVIER E. SILVA-ESPEJO | MARCOS SILVEIRA | JAMES SINGH | PLINIO SIST | FERRY SLIK | BONAVENTURE SONKÉ | ENIO EGON SOSINSKI JUNIOR, CPACT | ALEXANDRE F. SOUZA | KRZYSZTOF J. STEREŃCZAK | JENS-CHRISTIAN SVENNING | MIROSLAV SVOBODA | BEN SWANEPOEL | NATALIA TARGHETTA | NADJA TCHEBAKOVA | HANS TER STEEGE | RAQUEL THOMAS | ELENA TIKHONOVA | PETER M. UMUNAY | VLADIMIR A. USOLTSEV | RENATO VALENCIA | FERNANDO VALLADARES | PETER M. VAN BODEGOM | FONS VAN DER PLAS | TRAN VAN DO | MICHAEL E. VAN NULAND | RODOLFO M. VASQUEZ | HANS VERBEECK | HELDER VIANA | ALEXANDER C. VIBRANS | SIMONE VIEIRA | KLAUS VON GADOW | HUA-FENG WANG | JAMES V. WATSON | GIJSBERT D. A. WERNER | FLORIAN WITTMANN | HANNSJOERG WOELL | VERGINIA WORTEL | RODERICK ZAGT | TOMASZ ZAWIŁA-NIEDŹWIECKI | CHUNYU ZHANG | XIUHAI ZHAO | MO ZHOU | ZHI-XIN ZHU | IRIE C. ZO-BI | CONSTANTIN M. ZOHNER.
Abstract:The density of wood is a key indicator of the carbon investment strategies of trees, impacting productivity and carbon storage. Despite its importance, the global variation in wood density and its environmental controls remain poorly understood, preventing accurate predictions of global forest carbon stocks. Here we analyse information from 1.1 million forest inventory plots alongside wood density data from 10,703 tree species to create a spatially explicit understanding of the global wood density distribution and its drivers. Our findings reveal a pronounced latitudinal gradient, with wood in tropical forests being up to 30% denser than that in boreal forests. In both angiosperms and gymnosperms, hydrothermal conditions represented by annual mean temperature and soil moisture emerged as the primary factors influencing the variation in wood density globally. This indicates similar environmental filters and evolutionary adaptations among distinct plant groups, underscoring the essential role of abiotic factors in determining wood density in forest ecosystems. Additionally, our study highlights the prominent role of disturbance, such as human modification and fire risk, in influencing wood density at more local scales. Factoring in the spatial variation of wood density notably changes the estimates of forest carbon stocks, leading to differences of up to 21% within biomes. Therefore, our research contributes to a deeper understanding of terrestrial biomass distribution and how environmental changes and disturbances impact forest ecosystems.
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