Biocompatibility and photoinactivation evaluation of zinc hydroxide chloride nanosheets against Streptococcus mutans
2025
Shima Afrasiabi | Fatemeh Saghatchi | Ahmad Reza Dehpour | Ramin Goudarzi | Mohammad Reza Karimi | Alireza Partoazar
Abstract Background Considering the efficacy of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (PDT) in inactivating bacteria, this study reports that zinc hydroxide chloride nanosheets (ZHC-NSs) are useful for this purpose. Materials & methods The characterization of ZHC-NSs was performed using microscopic and spectroscopic techniques. The irritation test, acute toxicity test, and genotoxicity test of ZHC-NSs were evaluated and their effects on human pulp fibroblast cells (HPFC) viability, intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, and antibacterial activity of ZHC-NSs (1–8 mg ml−1) alone or in light conditions were investigated. Results The ZHC-NSs structure showed a crystalline form and their sheets’ thickness had an average size of 129.6 ± 19.50 nm. ZHC-NSs did not severely damage internal organs and were not genotoxic. The cytotoxic effect of ZHC-NSs on HPFC was concentration-dependent so that ZHC-NSs at higher concentrations (4 and 8 mg ml−1) killed half of the HPFC cells. When ZHC-NSs were used in combination with a 980 nm diode laser, namely ZHC-NS©, ROS production increased and led to enhanced antibacterial activity against Streptococcus mutans in planktonic and biofilm form. A statistically significant difference was found between ZHC-NSs without laser irradiation and photoexcited ZHC-NSs. Conclusion ZHC-NSs© with the potential ability to produce ROS could be effective in complementary treatment against S. mutans.
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