Cultural practices, healthcare-seeking behaviors, and wildlife interface: Zoonotic disease risks among the Phu Thai Ethnic Group in Thailand

Background and Aim: Emerging infectious diseases, with 75% originating from zoonotic sources, highlight the interconnectedness of human, animal, and environmental health. The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic underscored the importance of the One Health (OH) approach, especially in rural and ethnic communities where cultural practices and wildlife interactions may amplify zoonotic disease risks. This study determined the healthcare-seeking behaviors and wildlife interface of the Phu Thai ethnic group in Mukdahan Province, Thailand, to understand their cultural practices, zoonotic disease risks, and pandemic-related adaptations. Materials and Methods: From June to July 2023, a qualitative study was conducted in three villages of Nong Sung District, Mukdahan Province. Data collection included 3 focus group discussions (16 respondents), 6 in-depth interviews, and 5 key informant interviews, with a total of 27 respondents consisting of community members, leaders, and government officials. Thematic analysis was performed to explore cultural traditions, wildlife interactions, healthcare practices, and perceptions of COVID-19. Results: The Phu Thai people maintain a deep connection to cultural traditions, including ancestral rituals and wildlife use for food and ceremonies. While traditional practices such as consuming raw wildlife persist, the COVID-19 pandemic has significantly influenced their attitudes, leading to increased caution and community-driven preventive measures. Limited knowledge about zoonotic diseases and unsafe practices, such as handling wildlife without protection, were identified as risk factors. Accessibility to healthcare services was moderate, with language barriers and resource constraints posing challenges. However, the community demonstrated resilience by adopting local initiatives such as mask-making and remote traditional healing. Conclusion: This study highlights the complex interplay between culture, healthcare access, and zoonotic risks in the Phu Thai community. Enhancing culturally sensitive health education, promoting safe wildlife interaction practices, and leveraging the OH framework can reduce zoonotic disease risks while respecting traditional practices. The findings suggest that key stakeholders, such as community members, leaders, traditional healers, public health officers, local authorities, and relevant stakeholders, should be informed to gather their feedback and support in improving policies and regulations related to wildlife contact and practices. These efforts are expected to contribute to sustainable health outcomes and align with Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 3 (health and well-being) and SDG 12 (responsible consumption and production).