Proximity and information flows in farmer networks: A comparative analysis of certified and non-certified cooperative networks in Ghana's cocoa sector

Purpose: This paper reports a cross-cutting analysis of how information flows in certified and non-certified farmer cooperatives in Ghana's cocoa sector. Design/ Methodology/Approach: We used a case study design and face-to-face interviews with a sample of 120 farmers. Data were analyzed using Social Network Analysis (SNA) to map and visualize information flows within certified and non-certifed cooperative networks. Findings: Our findings show that certification establishes two key information gatekeepers: a private extension officer and a cooperative manager. These gatekeepers centralise the flow of technical, market, and buyer-related information that farmers perceive as contributing to improving cocoa quality. Such a centralised network configuration may lead to effective channels of information exchange but also poses a risk to the overall efficiency of information flows due to potential biases and delays. However, these depend on the gatekeepers' capacities and on the proximity of the farmers. Practical implication: This study provides insights that support the effective and efficient organisation of information flows within certified and non-certified cooperatives. The risk of potential delays and bias posed by the two information gatekeepers who share vital information related to improving cocoa quality could be reduced by promoting collaboration among the cooperative manager, private extension officer, and certified purchasing clerk. Also, friendship ties that exist in certified networks should be strengthened to serve as potential entry points for information flows. Theoretical implications: Utilising the concept of proximity, we offer new perspectives and a deeper understanding of the flow of information within farmer cooperatives. Originality/Value: Using the SNA method and network structure, connectivity, and interactions, we analyse how proximity can be used to disseminate information within farmer cooperatives.