The synergy of xenobiotics in honey bee Apis mellifera: mechanisms and effects | Sinergizem ksenobiotikov v medonosni čebeli Apis mellifera: mehanizmi in učinki.

Inglés. During foraging activities honeybees are frequently exposed to different xenobiotics, most of them are agrochemical pesticides and beehive chemicals. Many pesticides are applied together and synergism is likely to occur in different organisms. The risk of synergisms is neglected and relatively few studies were performed concerning the effects and synergy mechanism of different xenobiotic combinations in honeybees. The understanding of synergy mechanisms between xenobiotics is very important for the control of defined mixtures use and also for the prediction of potential toxicity of newly developed substances in agriculture and apiculture. This review is focused on the effects, mechanisms and molecular targets of xenobiotics in honeybees and possible complex mechanisms of their synergisms. The main threat for honeybees are insecticides which primary molecular targets are few neuronal molecules therefore causing the impairment of neuronal system that have a profound effect on honeybee behavior, cognitive functions and physiology. However, the majority of synergistic effects observed in honeybees were ascribed to the inhibition of etoxifying midgut enzymes P450 involved in xenobiotic metabolism since most of studies were done with the mixtures xenobiotic/P450 inhibitor. The main inhibitors of P450 enzymes are specific compounds used to prolong the effects of pesticides aswell as some fungicides. Some insecticides can also interact with these enzymes and influence the xenobiotis. Although the primary mechanisms of action of individual xenobiotics especially insecticides are well known and there are possible interactions in honeybees at their primary target sites, this issue is underestimated and it warrants further investigation.

Esloveno. Medonosne čebele so med iskanjem hrane pogosto izpostavljene različnim ksenobiotikom, večinoma so to fitofarmacevtska sredstva in panjske kemikalije. Številna fitofarmacevtska sredstva se uporablja skupaj in znano je, da lahko pride do sinergističnih interakcij v organizmih. Tveganje za nastanek sinergizmov je podcenjeno in narejenih je relativno malo študij na čebelah o učinkih in mehanizmih sinergizmov različnih kombinacij ksenobiotikov. Razumevanje mehanizmov sinergizmov ksenobiotikov je zelo pomembno za nadzor nad uporabo definiranih mešanic in napovedovanje potencialne toksičnosti novih ksenobiotikov v kmetijstvuin čebelarstvu. Pregledni članek se osredotoča na učinke, mehanizme in molekulske tarče ksenobiotikov v medonosnih čebelah in osvetljuje morebitne primere ter mehanizme nastanka sinergizmov. Najbolj nevarni za čebele so insekticidi, katerih primarne tarče so nekatere molekule živčnih celic,zato le-ti motijo delovanje živčnega sistema. Insekticidi zato lahko močno vplivajo na vedenje, kognitivne funkcije in fiziologijo čebel. Kljub temu raziskovalci večino sinergijskih učinkov v čebelah razlagajo z inhibicijo črevesnih detoksifikacijskih encimov P450, ki presnavljajo ksenobiotike, saj je bila večina študij narejena z mešanicami ksenobiotik/zaviralec encimov P450. Glavni zaviralci encimov P450 so specifični inhibitorji za podaljšanje učinka fitofarmacevtskih sredstev ter nekateri fungicidi. Tudi nekateri insekticidi lahko vplivajo na delovanje encimov P450 in tako vplivajo na interakcije med ksenobiotiki. Čeprav so primarni mehanizmi delovanja posameznih ksenobiotikov, še posebej insekticidov, precej znani in so sinergizmina ciljnih tarčah pri čebelah možni, je to področje podcenjeno in neraziskano.