Developmental, Phytochemical and Enzymatic Changes in Pot Marigold (Calendula officinalis L.) cvs. Hybrid and French with Salicylic Acid (SA) and Polyamine Spermidine (SP) Foliar Spray
2023
Sohail Ahmad | Waseem Ahmed | Adil Mihoub | Aftab Jamal | Muhammad Farhan Saeed | Nasir Masood | Emanuele Radicetti | Muhammad Fawad | Silvana Nicola
Marigolds (Calendula officinalis L.) are valuable in ornamentation, human food, and other uses: to enhance productivity, plant growth regulators produce stimulatory effects, including salicylic acid (SA) and spermidine (SP), but there is a lack of scientific evidence about such effects in marigolds. The study assessed, under greenhouse conditions, changes in physico-chemical parameters, enzymatic activity, and bioactive compounds of marigold cvs. Hybrid and French marigolds were sprayed of SA (1 and 2 mM) and SP (2 and 3 mM) and compared to control (pure water). The SA at 2 mM improved leaf length (8.20 cm), flower height and diameter (5.32, 8.28 cm), flower fresh and dry weight (14.30, 1.5 g), and the maximum number of flower petals (55) in &lsquo:Hybrid&rsquo:. Similarly, 2 mM SA gave the maximum number of leaves (40.71) and stem thickness (5.76 mm) in &lsquo:French&rsquo:, but 3 mM SP promoted the maximum plant height in &lsquo:Hybrid&rsquo:. Superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, and catalase activities increased in &lsquo:Hybrid&rsquo: with 2 mM SA: with this SA dose, &lsquo:Hybrid&rsquo: had higher contents of total phenolic compounds (68.34 mg GAE g&minus:1), antioxidants (77%), carotenoids (110 mg 100 g&minus:1), and flavonoids (67.5 mg RE g&minus:1) than the control. The best dose for improving growth in both marigold varieties was 2 mM SA.
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