Potential Use of Wheat Straw, Grape Pomace, Olive Mill Wastewater and Cheese Whey in Mixed Formulations for Silage Production
2023
Angela Gabriella D’Alessandro | Roberta Savina Dibenedetto | Ioannis Skoufos | Giovanni Martemucci
Two experiments were conducted to investigate the chemical and fermentative characteristics of by-product-mixed silages consisting of wheat straw (WS), grape pomace (GP), olive mill wastewater (OMWW) and cheese whey (CW) at 7, 30 and 90 days. The silage formulations were based on a ratio of 60% solids (WS + GP) and 40% liquids (CW + OMWW), with the addition of water (W) where necessary to achieve 40% of liquids. In experiment 1, the effects of the inclusion of GP or CW in a mixture of WS and OMWW were studied according to two silage formulations: SIL-A, WS40% + OMWW5% + GP20% + W35%: SIL-B, WS60% + OMWW5% + CW35%. In experiment 2, the effects of two levels of CW and the inclusion of OMWW in mixed silages based on WS, GP, and CW were studied according to four silage formulations: SIL-C, WS40% + GP20% + CW20% + W20%: SIL-D, WS40% + GP20% + CW20% + OMWW5% + W15%: SIL-E, WS40% + GP20% + CW35% + W5%: SIL-F, WS40% + GP20% + CW35% + OMWW5%. In experiment 1, the silage formulation affected the chemical composition showing a greater (p <: 0.05) content of DM in SIL-B: crude protein, ether extract and ADL contents were higher (p <: 0.05) in SIL-A. In experiment 2, no differences (p >: 0.05) in the chemical characteristics of the silages were found. In both of the experiments, the chemical composition and total phenol content did not change (p >: 0.05) during the ensiling period. Fermentative characteristics were not affected (p >: 0.05) by the by-product combination nor the ensiling period and proved to be adequate for good-quality silages. The Flieg&rsquo:s scores at D30 and D90 were greater than a 100 score in all the experimental silages, leading to the conclusion that WS, GP, OMWW and CW can be effective for producing silage.
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