Synthesis and Characterization of CMC/PAM-Amy Hydrogel and Its Efficacy in Apple Juice Clarification

The high amount of starch in fruits is responsible for its post-processing cloudiness. In the current study, &alpha:-amylase from porcine pancreases was immobilized onto carboxymethyl cellulose/polyacrylamide (CMC/PAM) hydrogel. This in-house-built CMC/PAM-Amy hydrogel offers a more efficient and sustainable solution for apple juice clarification. To acquire the best immobilization efficiency, the concentration of glutaraldehyde crosslinker was optimized. Biocatalytic characterization studies were brought into consideration for free and immobilized &alpha:-amylase. The synthesized native and immobilized CMC/PAM-Amy hydrogels were also characterized using SEM, FTIR and XRD. Under ideal circumstances, the activity of CMC/PAM-Amy was up to 604 &mu:molmin&minus:1, and its immobilization efficiency was 96.29 &plusmn: 1.15%. A kinetic parameters study resulted in a conspicuously lowered Km value for immobilized amylase, signifying its higher affinity for its substrate. CMC/PAM-Amy showed a half-life (t1/2) 3.5 times higher than free-Amy at 50, 55 and 60 &deg:C. The higher values of the inactivation rate constant (kd), free energy of inactivation (&Delta:G*), enthalpy of inactivation (&Delta:H*) and change in entropy (&Delta:S*) of CMC/PAM-Amy manifested the enhanced thermal stability of amylase after immobilization. A reusability study revealed that immobilized amylase retained roughly 70% of its initial catalytic activity after six successive repetitions of the process. CMC/PAM-Amy displayed improved recycling ability operational stability and biocatalytic activity, rendering it an auspicious tool in decreasing the starch content of crude apple juice to about 61% of its total starch content before treatment. Moreover, the values of Brix, viscosity, acidity and turbidity were also decreased in CMC/PAM-Amyclarified apple juice. Therefore, immobilized amylases with other industrial enzymes could be an efficient tool for potential industrial application.