Characteristics and Differences in the Antler Velvet Microbiota During Regeneration

The skin surface has a complex and dynamic ecosystem inhabited by a diverse microbiota. The wound formed by antler velvet shedding can naturally achieve regenerative restoration, but the changes in microbial composition that occur during antler velvet regeneration are largely unknown. In this study, we analyzed the antler velvet microbiota of sika deer at 15 days (Half) and 30 days (Full) post-pedicle casting using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. A total of 2659 OTUs were identified, which were assigned to 26 phyla, 304 families, and 684 genera. The core microbiota of the two groups were mainly composed of Atopostipes spp., Corynebacterium spp., Burkholderia spp., Staphylococcus spp., and Paracoccus spp. In comparison with the Full group, the Shannon, Simpson, Ace, and Chao 1 indices were significantly decreased in the Half group (p &lt: 0.05). Principal coordinate analysis showed that there were significant differences in the microbial community between the Half and Full groups based on Bray&ndash:Curtis dissimilarity, weighted Unifrac distance, and unweighted Unifrac distance (p &lt: 0.05). The relative abundances of bacteria belonging to the genera Staphylococcus, Romboutsia_B, and Dietzia increased significantly in the Half group, while the abundances of bacteria belonging to the genera Atopostipes, Psychrobacter, and Faecousia increased significantly in the Full group (p &lt: 0.05). Correlation analysis showed that the relative abundances of bacteria belonging to the genera Staphylococcus, Romboutsia_B, and Dietzia positively correlated with arginine and proline metabolism (p &lt: 0.05). These findings demonstrate that antler velvet regeneration is accompanied by distinct changes in microbial composition and highlight the potential roles of key taxonomy in wound healing and tissue regeneration.