Optimization of Green Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Carotenoids and Tocopherol from Tomato Waste Using NADESs
2025
Georgiana Ileana Badea | Florentina Gatea | Simona Carmen Litescu-Filipescu | Andreia Alecu | Ana Chira | Celina Maria Damian | Gabriel Lucian Radu
The purpose of this study was to extract the lipophilic fraction from one of the largest source of waste in the industrial sector, namely, the tomato residue from processing the fruit. In order to make this process more environmentally sustainable, this study used a green extraction protocol employing natural deep eutectic solvents (NADESs) combined with a less energy-consuming technology, the ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) method, to simultaneously recover carotenoids and tocopherol from dried powder tomato waste. Two NADESs, one hydrophilic and one hydrophobic, were prepared and compared to support high extraction efficiency and increase the stability of the extracted compounds. The optimal extraction parameters were identified as choline chloride:1,3-butanediol (1:5)-based NADES, a solid-to-liquid ratio of 1:20 (w/v), time of extraction 12 min, temperature 65 °:C, radiation frequency 37 Hz, and an ultrasound power level of 70%. The extraction process was intensified and resulted in extracts rich in lycopene (215.13 ±: 4.31 &mu:g/g DW), &beta:-carotene (206.95 ±: 3.27 &mu:g/g DW), and tocopherol (130.86 ±: 8.97 &mu:g/g DW) content, with the highest antioxidant capacity 93.84 ±: 0.18 mM Trolox equivalent. Incorporating NADESs for the extraction of bioactive compounds offers numerous benefits, such as improved sustainability, enhanced extraction efficiency, better protection of sensitive compounds, and reduced environmental impact. These advantages make NADESs a promising alternative to traditional organic solvents, especially in industries that require natural, green, and efficient extraction processes for valuable bioactive molecules.
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