Satureja kitaibelii Essential Oil and Extracts: Bioactive Compounds and Pesticide Properties
2025
Milena Nikolova | Aneta Lyubenova | Elina Yankova-Tsvetkova | Borislav Georgiev | Genadi Gavrilov | Anna Gavrilova
In recent years, the essential oil of Satureja species has been studied as a source of biocidal activity with potential applications in organic farming such as bio-pesticides. The present study aims to determine the potential of essential oil (EO), exudate fraction (EF) and methanolic extract (ME) of Satureja kitaibelii Wierzb. ex Heuff. to inhibit the mycelial growth of phytopathogenic fungi and acetylcholinesterase (AChE). Additionally, ME was tested for inhibitory activity on seed germination and root elongation. Phytochemical analysis was conducted using gas chromatography&ndash:mass spectrometry (GC&ndash:MS) and thin-layer chromatography (TLC). Biological activities were studied using in vitro methods. p-Cymene, limonene, geraniol, carvacrol and borneol were identified as the main components of EO. Oleanolic and ursolic acid, carvacrol and flavonoid aglycones were determined as the most abundant bioactive compounds of EF, whereas rosmarinic acid and flavonoid glycosides were found in ME. EO reduced the growth of all tested plant pathogens, indicated by 40% to 84% inhibition of mycelial growth (IMG). The growth rates of oomycetes Phytophthora cryptogea Pethybr. &: Laff. and Phytophthora nicotianae Breda de Haan were affected to the greatest extent with 84% and 68% IMG. EF showed the most potent AChE inhibitory activity with IC50 value of 0.18 mg/mL. Aqueous solutions of the ME with a concentration above 5 mg/mL were found to inhibit seed germination by more than 90%, whereas a reduction in root elongation was observed at 3 mg/mL. The present study provides for the first time data for the pesticidal properties of EO, EF and ME of S. kitaibelii.
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