Machine Learning-Based Acoustic Analysis of Stingless Bee (Heterotrigona itama) Alarm Signals During Intruder Events

Heterotrigona itama, a widely reared stingless bee species, produces highly valued honey. These bees naturally secure their colonies within logs, accessed via a single entrance tube, but remain vulnerable to intruders and predators. Guard bees play a critical role in colony defense, exhibiting the ability to discriminate between nestmates and non-nestmates and employing strategies such as pheromone release, buzzing, hissing, and vibrations to alert and recruit hive mates during intrusions. This study investigated the acoustic signals produced by H. itama guard bees during intrusions to determine their potential for intrusion detection. Using a Jetson Nano equipped with a microphone and camera, guard bee sounds were recorded and labeled. After preprocessing the sound data, Mel Frequency Cepstral Coefficients (MFCCs) were extracted as features, and various dimensionality reduction techniques were explored. Among them, Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) demonstrated the best performance in improving class separability. The reduced feature set was used to train both Support Vector Machine (SVM) and K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN) classifiers. KNN outperformed SVM, achieving a Precision of 0.9527, a Recall of 0.9586, and an F1 Score of 0.9556. Additionally, KNN attained an Overall Cross-Validation Accuracy of 95.54% (&plusmn:0.67%), demonstrating its superior classification performance. These findings confirm that H. itama produces distinct alarm sounds during intrusions, which can be effectively classified using machine learning: thus, demonstrating the feasibility of sound-based intrusion detection as a cost-effective alternative to image-based approaches. Future research should explore real-world implementation under varying environmental conditions and extend the study to other stingless bee species.