Removal of Anionic and Cationic Dyes from Wastewater by Tetravalent Tin-Based Novel Coagulants
2025
Athanasia K. Tolkou | Argyro Giannoulaki | Paraskevi Chalkidi | Eleftheria Arvaniti | Sofia Fykari | Smaragda Kritaki | George Z. Kyzas
Wastewater contains dyes originating from textile industries, and above a certain concentration, they can become dangerous due to their high toxicity. Divalent and trivalent metal coagulants, usually aluminum- or iron-based, have been studied worldwide. However, tetravalent coagulants, such as tin chloride, have not yet been extensively studied for application in wastewater treatment. Therefore, in this study, three types of coagulants were examined: SnCl4, Cs, and a hybrid composite (CS@Sn) in two different mass ratios, abbreviated hereafter as CS@Sn5% and CS@Sn50%. The formation of the suggested CS@Sn hybrid coagulants was confirmed by applying SEM, XRD, and FTIR techniques. The results showed that the optimum conditions for RB5 removal was the addition of 20 mg Sn/L SnCl4 (97.8%) and 50 mg Sn/L of CS@Sn50% (64.8%) at pH 3.0. In addition, SnCl4 was found to be an effective coagulant for all the examined anionic dyes, but it was not as effective for cationic dyes. Moreover, the coagulants were then tested in two mixed-dye solutions, both anionic dyes (RB5/RR120) and anionic/cationic (RB5/MV), resulting in a synergistic effect in the first one and a competitive effect in the secon. Finally, the proposed coagulants were successfully tested on real wastewater samples from an untreated textile dyeing industry. Therefore, the coagulants presented in this work for the removal of several dyes are also capable of being used for wastewater treatment.
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