Plant ontogenesis in isolated artificial ecosystems: a review

This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of plant ontogenesis in isolated artificial ecosystems, focusing on optimizing in vitro microclonal propagation techniques and generalization of current scientific knowledge on this topic. The key result was the identification of critical factors, including nutrient medium composition, phytohormonal balance, and donor plant physiological conditions, significantly affecting organogenesis and acclimatization success. Increasing anthropogenic pressure on natural ecosystems, such as climate changes requires innovative approaches to biodiversity conservation and ecosystems restoration. In vitro microclonal propagation of plants opens up new possibilities for solving these problems. This research investigated the distinct phases of plant ontogenesis in artificial conditions, including donor plant preparation, explant initiation, multiplication, rooting and post-aseptic adaptation, with an emphasis on the difference from natural development. A bibliographic analysis of peer-reviewed publications was conducted to systematize knowledge on the peculiarities of plant development phases in artificial conditions. The results showed that the duration of ontogenetic stages, morphogenetic processes, and physiological mechanisms in vitro depend heavily on controlled environmental factors, hormonal stimulation and artificial nutrition. Gradual acclimatization protocols and optimized cultivation conditions resulted in increased efficiency of morphogenesis and decreased stress during the transition to autotrophic nutrition. The obtained results highlight the potential of micropropagation techniques in biodiversity conservation, ecosystems restoration, agriculture adaptation to climate changes, and reduction of pesticide use in agrophytocenoses. This review deepens the theoretical understanding of plant development in artificial ecosystems and provides a basis for improving micropropagation protocols, taking into account the prospects for sustainable production of high-quality plant material and large-scale ecological restoration.