Bionanotechnological innovations to improve the bioavailability of flavonoid polyphenols: a review

The study is devoted to a comprehensive analysis of flavonoid polyphenolic compounds, which play an important role in the regulation of key biological processes in the organism. These compounds have numerous functions, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, and epigenetic effects. Due to their ability to interact with a variety of biomolecules, polyphenols are involved in the modulation of signaling, which helps to reduce oxidative stress and improve cellular homeostasis. However, their use is limited by low bioavailability caused by complex metabolic processes and insufficient stability during transportation and storage. The bionanotechnological approaches aimed at optimizing the delivery and efficacy of polyphenols are considered. Innovative nanoparticle-based systems that improve the stability and absorption of these compounds in body tissues have been analyzed. Flavonoid-modified nanoparticles provide targeted action and prolonged release of bioactive substances. The study focuses on the effect of polyphenols on the regulation of Nrf2, AMPK and mTOR signaling pathways responsible for adaptation to oxidative stress, metabolic balance and immune system support. Their role in modulating epigenetic processes, such as DNA methylation and histone modification, is also considered, which is important for the long-term regulation of genetic activity and adaptive responses of the body. The results of the study indicate a significant potential of nanotechnology using to increase the bioavailability of polyphenols. The development of nanoforms for the delivery of phytonutrients contributes to the creation of functional foods and medicines. The use of nanoparticles can also reduce side effects and increase the bioefficiency of active components.