Soil fungal communities and their impact on ginseng quality under different land use patterns
2025
Zhefeng Xu | Yuqiu Chen | Jiahong Sui | Ruixue Yang | Kemeng Zhang | Yan Xue | Yibing Wang | Jing Fang | Qinghe Zhang | Tao Zhang | Changbao Chen
Compared to farmland soil, forest soil is considered the best soil for producing wild simulated ginseng. The main soil factors that cause differences in the quality of ginseng cultivation between forest and farmland soil are not fully understood, and specific strategies for improving farmland soil using forest soil as a model have not been fully developed. Here, we compared the differences in soil microecology of forest (L0), farmland (N0), and farmland planted with 1-year-old (N1), 2-year-old (N2), and 3-year-old (N3) ginseng, as well as the driving factors that led to these differences and the main factors affecting the quality of ginseng. The main results showed that L0 had higher porosity, bulk density, cellulase and invertase activity, and more specific fungal phyla and genera. Unlike farmland, polyphenol oxidase, glutaminase, and acid phosphatase were common predictive factors for fungal structure, function, and diversity in L0. In the fungal co-occurrence network, N2 had the highest internal connections and the largest number of potential core pathogens, which might be caused by exchangeable aluminum ions. There were significant differences in the content of ginsenosides and agronomic traits among ginseng of different ages. Arylsulphatase, pH, Ilyonectoria, Didymella, and Xylaria played significant roles in the mass formation of ginseng. The results helped to clarify the characteristics of soil microecology under different land use patterns, guided the improvement of farmland, and provided reference for formulating suitable improvement measures for soil environment and promoting the high-quality and sustainable development of ginseng industry.
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