Residues of Priority Organic Micropollutants in Eruca vesicaria (Rocket) Irrigated by Reclaimed Wastewater: Optimization of a QuEChERS SPME-GC/MS Protocol and Risk Assessment
2025
Luca Rivoira | Simona Di Bonito | Veronica Libonati | Massimo Del Bubba | Mihail Simion Beldean-Galea | Maria Concetta Bruzzoniti
The increasing use of reclaimed wastewater in agriculture raises growing concerns about the accumulation of priority organic micropollutants in edible crops. In this study, we developed and validated a novel QuEChERS&ndash:SPME&ndash:GC/MS method for the simultaneous determination of 15 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), 3 nitro-PAHs, and 14 polychlorinated biphenyls congeners in Eruca vesicaria (rocket) leaves. The method was optimized to address the matrix complexity of leafy vegetables and included a two-step dispersive solid-phase extraction (d-SPE) cleanup and aqueous dilution prior to SPME. Validation showed excellent performance, with MDLs between 0.1 and 6.7 µ:g/kg, recoveries generally between 70 and 120%, and precision (RSD%) below 20%. The greenness of the protocol was assessed using the AGREE metric, yielding a score of 0.60. Application to rocket samples irrigated with treated wastewater revealed no significant accumulation of target pollutants compared to commercial samples. All PCB and N-PAH congeners were below detection limits, and PAH concentrations were low and mostly limited to lighter compounds. Human health risk assessment based on toxic equivalent concentrations confirmed that estimated cancer risk (CR) values 10&minus:9&ndash:10&minus:8 were well below accepted safety thresholds. These findings support the safe use of reclaimed water for leafy crop irrigation under proper treatment conditions and highlight the suitability of the method for trace-level food safety monitoring.
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