The presence of toxigenic Fusarium species and Fusariotoxins deoxynivalenol and zearalenone in winter wheat | Prisustvo toksigenih Fusarium vrsta i Fuzariotoksina deoksinivalenola i zearalenona u ozimoj pšenici

The frequency of fungi and mycotoxin concentrations of deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZON) were studied in winter wheat grains harvested in 2009. The most frequently isolated species belonged to genera Alternaria (81.55%) and Fusarium (12%), followed by Rhizopus spp. (3.75%), Acremoniella spp. (1.15%) and other fungi (Acremonium spp., Arthrinium spp., Aspergillus spp., Bipolaris spp., Chaetomium spp., Nigrospora spp., Penicillium spp. and Ramichloridium spp.) isolated in less than 1%. The following species of the genus Fusarium were identified: F. graminearum (82.50%), F. sporotrichioides (5.42%), F. proliferatum (4.17%), F. subglutinans (4.17%), F. poae (1.66%), F. semitectum (1.25%), and F. verticillioides (0.83%). In 100% of wheat grain samples DON was detected (110-1200 μg kg-1, average 490 μg kg-1), while ZON was detected in 10% of samples and in the lower average of 70 μg kg-1 with the limit values ranging from 60 to 80 μg kg-1. Statistically significant positive correlations were established between the concentration of ZON with the frequency of F. graminearum (r = 0.63) or with the frequency of Fusarium spp. (r = 0.58). A negative insignificant correlation was determined between the DON level and the percentage of present Fusarium species.

Učestalost gljiva i koncentracija mikotoksina deoksinivalenola (DON) i zearalenona (ZON) je proučavana u zrnu ozime pšenice požnjevenom 2009. godine. Najčešće izolovane vrste gljiva pripadale su rodovima Alternaria (81,55%) i Fusarium (12%), a zatim su sledili Rhizopus spp. (3,75%), Acremoniella spp. (1,15%) i druge gljive (Acremonium spp., Arthrinium spp., Aspergillus spp., Bipolaris spp., Chaetomium spp., Nigrospora spp., Penicillium spp. i Ramichloridium spp.) izolovane u manje od 1%. Unutar roda Fusarium identifikovane su sledeće vrste: F. graminearum (82,50%), F. sporotrichioides (5,42%), F. proliferatum (4,17%), F. subglutinans (4,17%), F. poae (1,66%), F. semitectum (1,25%) i F. verticillioides (0,83%). U 100% uzoraka zrna pšenice DON je bio detektovan u koncentracijama od 110 do 1200 μg kg-1, sa prosečnom koncentracijom od 490 μg kg-1. ZON je bio detektovan u 10% uzoraka u koncentracijama od 60 do 80 μg kg-1, sa prosečnom koncentracijom od 70 μg kg-1. Statistički značajna pozitivna korelacija utvrđena je između koncentracije ZON i frekvencije Fusarium spp. (r = 0.58) i frekvencije F. graminearum (r = 0.63). Negativna korelacija, statistički nesignifikanta, utvrđena je između nivoa DON-a i procentualne zastupljenosti Fusarium vrsta.