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Governing Forest Ecosystem Services for Sustainable Environmental Governance Texto completo
2018
Adhikari, S. | Baral, H.
Governing forest ecosystem services as a forest socio-ecological system is an evolving concept in the face of different environmental and social challenges. Therefore, different modes of ecosystem governance such as hierarchical, scientific–technical, and adaptive–collaborative governance have been developed. Although each form of governance offers important features, no one form on its own is sufficient to attain sustainable environmental governance (SEG). Thus, the blending of important features of each mode of governance could contribute to SEG, through a combination of both hierarchical and collaborative governance systems supported by scientifically and technically aided knowledge. This should be further reinforced by the broad engagement of stakeholders to ensure the improved well-being of both ecosystems and humans. Some form of governance and forest management measures, including sustainable forest management, forest certification, and payment for ecosystem services mechanisms, are also contributing to that end. While issues around commodification and putting a price on nature are still contested due to the complex relationship between different services, if these limitations are taken into account, the governance of forest ecosystem services will serve as a means of effective environmental governance and the sustainable management of forest resources. Therefore, forest ecosystem services governance has a promising future for SEG, provided limitations are tackled with due care in future governance endeavors.
Mostrar más [+] Menos [-]Selective grazing by cattle on spatially and seasonally heterogenous rangeland in Sahel Texto completo
1999
Ayantunde, Augustine A. | Hiernaux, Pierre H.Y. | Fernández Rivera, S. | Keulen, H. van | Udo, H.M.J.
The selective use by cattle of range resources in the Sahel was assessed in terms of quantity and nutritional quality of the herbage grazed and diet selected. Peak standing crop was 1951 kg ha -1 dry matter (DM) with 47.9 kg nitrogen (N) ha-1 and 7.4 kg phosphorus (P) ha -1. Esophageally fistulated cattle diets were consistently (p<0.05) higher in N, P and organic matter digestibility (OMD) than the herbage grazed. Cattle consumed 48 percent of the mean annual herbage production. The results indicate grazing ruminants select a higher quality diet from Sahelian rangelands than can be predicted on the basis of pasture evaluation alone. Therefore, the foraging behaviour of the animals needs to be considered in the evaluation of Sahelian rangelands for animal production.
Mostrar más [+] Menos [-]Forage selection and performance of sheep grazing dry annual range
1986
Ridder, N.A. de | Benjamin, R.W. | Keulen, H. van
The 'gizu': Winter grazing in South Libyan desert
1978
Wilson, R.T.
Review of the published and unpublished literature on 'gizu', with particular reference to environment, calendar of occurence, flora composition, plant ecology, sociological aspects & economic aspects of the regional pastoral economy.
Mostrar más [+] Menos [-]Effects of livestock grazing on physical and chemical properties of sandy soils in Sahelian rangelands Texto completo
1999
Hiernaux, Pierre H.Y. | Bielders, Charles L. | Valentin, Christian | Bationo, B. André | Fernández Rivera, S.
Effects of livestock grazing on physical and chemical properties of sandy soils in Sahelian rangelands Texto completo
1999
Hiernaux, Pierre H.Y. | Bielders, Charles L. | Valentin, Christian | Bationo, B. André | Fernández Rivera, S.
The effects of 4 years grazing by sheep and goats at various stocking rates on soil surface features, bulk density, organic C, N and P contents and pH were investigated in Sadore, Niger. Studies were also conducted in a fallow subjected to 9 years of intensive grazing. Although grazing reduced (P<less than>0.001) and fragmented the area of crusted soil, the infiltration index increased with moderate grazing, and decreased at high stocking rates. The bulk density of topsoil was lower under shrub canopy but remained unchanged in deeper horizons. Organic C, N and P contents, water infiltration and biological activity were greater in soils sheltered by shrubs than in bare soil. On the site intensively grazed for 9 years, P content was lower and N and organic C contents higher than after 4 years under controlled grazing. Compaction occurred only in the topsoil beneath shrub canopy and vegetated patches under intensive grazing.
Mostrar más [+] Menos [-]Effects of livestock grazing on physical and chemical properties of sandy soils in Sahelian rangelands Texto completo
1999
Hiernaux, P | Bielders, C L | Valentin, C | Bationo, A | Fernandez-Rivera, S
The effects of 4 years grazing by sheep and goats at various stocking rates on soil surface features, bulk density, organic C, N and P contents and pH were investigated in Sadoré, Niger. Studies were also conducted in a fallow subjected to 9 years of intensive grazing. Although grazing reduced (P<0.001) and fragmented the area of crusted soil, the infiltration index increased with moderate grazing, and decreased at high stocking rates. The bulk density of topsoil was lower under shrub canopy but remained unchanged in deeper horizons. Organic C, N and P contents, water infiltration and biological activity were greater in soils sheltered by shrubs than in bare soil. On the site intensively grazed for 9 years, P content was lower and N and organic C contents higher than after 4 years under controlled grazing. Compaction occurred only in the topsoil beneath shrub canopy and vegetated patches under intensive grazing.
Mostrar más [+] Menos [-]Effects of distance to market, season, and family wealth on pastoral dairy marketing in Ethiopia
1992
Holden, S.J. | Coppock, D. Layne
Presents results of a survey designed to determine the effects of distance to market, family wealth, and season on the quantity of dairy products sold per person and per lactating animal. Quantifies the contribution of dairy marketing to the household economy on an annual and seasonal basis and assesses the role of dairy marketing in terms of pastoral food security. Includes data on family size and holdings of lactating livestock for pastoral households of varied wealth.
Mostrar más [+] Menos [-]Herbaceous forage variability in an arid pastoral region of Kenya: Importance of topographic and rainfall gradients
1990
Coughenour, M.B. | Coppock, D. Layne | Ellis, J.E.
Temporal and spatial variabilities in rainfall, herbaceous production and biomass were studied over a 4-year period in a topographically diverse, arid pastoral region of northwest Kenya. A significant relation between rainfall and primary production was found, and this was applied in a manner that considered topographic variation and its influence on rainfall occured as pulses that were rapidely attenuated as the dry seasons progressed. The combination of spatial and temporal variability of herbaceous forage is significant for nomadic pastolalists who move along rainfall gradients between wet and dry seasons. Dry areas at low elevations produce forage that is available for only a short period of time, which explains pastoral use of drier areas early in the wet season. Quantitative analyses of relationships between topography, rainfall and forage are between topography, rainfall and forage are needed to determine appropriate pastoral densities in topographically diverse arid regions.
Mostrar más [+] Menos [-]Seasonal patterns of activity, travel and water intake for livestock in south Turkana, Kenya
1988
Coppock, D. Layne | Ellis, J.E. | Swift, D.M.
Reports on how seasonal change influences various management tactics, time budgets, travel distances and water intakes of livestock during one annual cycle.
Mostrar más [+] Menos [-]Adaptation to Climate Change in Panchase Mountain Ecological Regions of Nepal Texto completo
2018
Adhikari, S. | Baral, H. | Nitschke, C.
Adaptation to Climate Change in Panchase Mountain Ecological Regions of Nepal Texto completo
2018
Adhikari, S. | Baral, H. | Nitschke, C.
Rural mountain communities in developing countries are considered particularly vulnerable to environmental change, including climate change. Forests and agriculture provide numerous ecosystem goods and services (EGS) to local communities and can help people adapt to the impacts of climate change. There is however poor documentation on the role of EGS in people’s livelihood and adaptation practices. This study in the rural Panchase Mountain Ecological Region of Nepal identifies practices being used to adapt to a changing environment through key informant interviews and focus group discussions. At the household level, livelihood diversification, changes in cropping patterns and farming practices, use of multipurpose plant species and income-generation activities were identified as adaptation strategies. Among major strategies at the community level were community forestry-based climate adaptation plans of action for forest and water resource management. Landscape-level adaptation strategies were large-scale collaborative projects and programs, such as Ecosystem-based Adaptation and Chitwan Annapurna Landscape conservation; which had implications at both the local and landscape-level. A proper blending and integration of adaptation strategies from individual households through to the community and to the landscape level is needed for implementing effective adaptation in the region.
Mostrar más [+] Menos [-]Adaptation to Climate Change in Panchase Mountain Ecological Regions of Nepal Texto completo
2018
Shankar Adhikari | Himlal Baral | Craig Nitschke
Rural mountain communities in developing countries are considered particularly vulnerable to environmental change, including climate change. Forests and agriculture provide numerous ecosystem goods and services (EGS) to local communities and can help people adapt to the impacts of climate change. There is however poor documentation on the role of EGS in people’s livelihood and adaptation practices. This study in the rural Panchase Mountain Ecological Region of Nepal identifies practices being used to adapt to a changing environment through key informant interviews and focus group discussions. At the household level, livelihood diversification, changes in cropping patterns and farming practices, use of multipurpose plant species and income-generation activities were identified as adaptation strategies. Among major strategies at the community level were community forestry-based climate adaptation plans of action for forest and water resource management. Landscape-level adaptation strategies were large-scale collaborative projects and programs, such as Ecosystem-based Adaptation and Chitwan Annapurna Landscape conservation: which had implications at both the local and landscape-level. A proper blending and integration of adaptation strategies from individual households through to the community and to the landscape level is needed for implementing effective adaptation in the region.
Mostrar más [+] Menos [-]Past, present and future research on the one-humped camel in Africa. A review
1988
Wilson, R.T. | Bourzat, D.
Briefly reviews the importance of the one-humped camel in Africa. Looks at past research based on 3000 literature items and major aspects of research currently being undertaken in Africa. Presents proposals for future research that will be cost effective and relevant to improving the productivity of the camel.
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