The protozoan Trypanosoma vivax is one of the most important agents of African trypanosomiasis, a disease that hinders the productive use of livestock in one-third of the African continent. Trypanosoma vivax is also present in the Caribbean and in South America, posing a threat to the livestock industries of the tropical and subtropical world. Much less is known of the biology of this trypanosome than of the better studied T. brucei and T. congolense . One of the variant surface glycoproteins (VSGs) of a West African stock of T. vivax was identified, purified, and partially characterized by the use of a combination of highly resolving techniques to maximize information from the relatively small amount of parasite material available. The molecular weight of the isolated protein (46,000) is smaller than that of VSGs from other species. As with T. brucei VSGs the protein from T. vivax is complexed with sugars and incorporates 3 H when living trypanosomes are incubated with [ 3 H]myristic acid, but the T. vivax molecule is more hydrophobic than the T. brucei molecule. The small size of the T. vivax VSG may have a bearing on the functional and evolutionary relationships of variant antigens in trypanosomes.

Trypanosoma brucei grew in the presence of bovine fibroblast-like cells in Hepes-buffered RPMI 1640 medium with 20 percent fetal bovine serum for more than 220 days at 37°C. The organisms grown in this system were infective to mammalian hosts, retained the morphological and biochemical characteristics of long slender bloodstream forms, and displayed variant-antigen on their surfaces.

East Coast fever is an acute, leukemia-like disease of cattle and Cape buffalo that is endemic in eastern, central, and southern Africa, where the disease causes high mortality and losses in livestock production. It is caused by the parasite Theileria parva, which infects bovine lymphocytolysis. A peculiar and fascinating feature of infections by this parasite is that it only survive in a subset of T lymphocytes, which subsequently become transformed gaining the ability to infiltrate tissues and survive indefinitely in vitro. Casein kinase II (CKII), a serine-threonine specific protein kinase that is ubiquitous in eukaryotic organisms, is increased markedly in lymphocyte cell lines from infected cattle, and it has been proposed that this is the molecular basis for the transformation. In cattle infected with T. parva, the proportion of infected lymphoblasts reaches a peak during the second or third week of infection. Lymphocytolysis of the T. parva-infected cells occurs during the third week of infection, and the infected animals usually die of massive pulmonary edema. There may be no better way to dissect mitogenic pathways of certain mammalian cells than that of finding and characterizing the roles of the essential elements usurped or selectively activated by oncogenic viruses and other transforming organisms, such as Theileria, which have had a long history of residence within the cells of their mammalian hosts.

There is widespread acknowledgement that a major challenge to global development is to double food and fiber production within the next three decades. More food with better characteristics will be needed to meet the demands of an increasing better fed world population. This should be done with less water, nutrients, pesticides, and other external inputs. The productivity rise per ha is needed for environmental reasons and to spare land for nature and biodiversity. This increase in food production will have to be achieved during a period when pressures on land for biofuels, industrial raw materials, and urbanization are also increasing dramatically. The Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR) has been a catalyst in remarkable increases in agricultural productivity in the developing world for almost half a century. It strives to produce international public goods through agricultural research for sustainable food and fiber production. The CGIAR's impacts are felt through better nutrition, improved public health, poverty reduction, and raised standards of living in developing countries. The CGIAR is an alliance whose 64 Members support 15 international research centers, working in collaboration with hundreds of government and civil society organizations, as well as private enterprises throughout the world. CGIAR Members include 21 developing and 26 industrialized countries, four co-sponsors, and 13 other international organizations. Through strategic investments in agricultural and natural resources management research, the CGIAR leverages donor funding to strengthen food security. CGIAR expenditures amounted to more than $500 million in 2008—the single biggest investment made to mobilize science to improve food security and contribute to the cornerstone of sustainable development worldwide. Today, more than 8,000 CGIAR scientists and staff are active in over 100 countries. Throughout its history the CGIAR has worked to mobilize the best in science to contribute to international development. Working in partnership with national agricultural research systems, with universities and public research institutes in both developed and developing countries, the CGIAR has contributed to sustainable and poverty-reducing development through the research and research-related activities of its centers. Major productivity gains have been achieved and the CGIAR has also contributed to improved policies and institutional arrangements, which provide a solid foundation for better management of agriculture and natural resources. Notwithstanding the progress that has been made, the scope and depth of challenges to achieving sustainable agricultural systems is increasing. To meet these challenges the CGIAR has evolved over time, shifting its focus and structure to adapt to the needs of the present, while at the same time investing in research to meet the demands of the future. The CGIAR has grown from a small group of research centers focused on raising agricultural productivity, largely through crop breeding activities, to a strategic alliance of research centers hosting a range of partnerships and collaborative engagements, and addressing a broader and more diverse set of research-for-development activities. CGIAR centers now address the sustainable development needs of forest, aquatic, rangeland, and irrigation systems. The CGIAR's agenda has broadened considerably as it has shifted emphasis from producing new and improved crop varieties, to developing approaches, articulating problems, and devising with its partners common agendas and roadmaps to solutions. Similarly, the CGIAR's activities as a moderator, facilitator, stimulator, and a bridge to broader stakeholder groups have increasingly been in demand. The role of the Science Council of the CGIAR is to oversee the quality and relevance of its research to address the CGIAR mission. In pursuing this mandate, the Science Council works to enhance opportunities for the CGIAR to engage with and mobilize other relevant providers of science, in line with the organization's agricultural and natural resource development objectives. 2010 will be an exciting year of change in the CGIAR—the collection of individual research centers with their own agendas and sometimes competing funding needs is now to be replaced by a unified research system which will exploit synergies amongst the centers and their external partners. This will lead to more inclusive thinking and the ability to mobilize optimal consortia of research and development providers with improved links to the ultimate beneficiaries of research—the farmers themselves. The transaction costs and overheads of this system will decrease. There will be a division of labor between the centers and their consortium and the fund council, which is responsible for the allocation of resources to the work of achieving CGIAR impacts. In the newly restructured CGIAR, the Science Council is succeeded by an Independent Science and Partnership Council. The new ISPC remains dedicated to mobilizing the best science and fostering partnerships that generate conditions conducive to translating science and scientific breakthroughs into innovations that support sustainable and adequate food production. In pursuit of this aim, the Science Council convened Science Forum 2009, which brought together more than 300 participants from 55 countries, to examine scientific advances that offer significant opportunities for agriculture and natural resources development. The Forum was organized in cooperation with the CGIAR Secretariat at the World Bank, the Alliance of the CGIAR Centers, the Global Forum on Agricultural Research, and Wageningen University and Research Centre. The current issue presents a selection of papers from the Science Forum in the hope and expectation that it will raise the profile of the science-for-development mission of the CGIAR, expand the network of research organizations mobilized to address the CGIAR mission, and raise even greater awareness of the urgency of intensifying research investments to meet the development challenges of the coming decades.