Objective: The goal of this study is to describe the genome of Streptococcus agalactiae that was found in clinical mastitis in cattle in Bangladesh. This work will show how strong the bacteria are and how important they are for public health. Materials and Methods: Whole genome sequencing (WGS) was performed using the Illumina MiSeq platform, followed by comprehensive analysis with various bioinformatic tools to identify key genomic features. Results: WGS revealed that the isolates are closely related, belonging to sequence type ST4, a rare type previously identified in both human and animal hosts. The isolates possess 44 virulence-related genes linked to adherence, capsule biogenesis, enzyme production, immunoreactive antigens, protease, and cytolysin production. They also carry two pilus islands (PIs), PI-1 and PI-2b, which are often associated with invasive diseases. PI-2b proteins are key targets for vaccine development against Group B Streptococcus (GBS). The isolates belong to serotype Ia and carry the gbs2018-2 variant, indicating their adaptability to a wide range of hosts, including humans and animals. These virulence factors are critical for understanding S. agalactiae’s pathogenicity and developing vaccines against its infections. Additionally, the isolates harbor antimicrobial resistance genes conferring resistance to glycopeptides (vanT, vanY), macrolides (mreA), peptides (mprF), penicillins and β-lactams (pbp), and aminoglycosides. Source tracking via the BacWGSTdb website identified these isolates as closely related to human pathogens, indicating their zoonotic potential. Conclusion: These results suggest that S. agalactiae could be a zoonotic pathogen. This highlights the need for ongoing genomic surveillance to fully understand how it causes disease and come up with effective ways to control it. J. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res., 12(1): 80–89, March 2025 http://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2025.l874

Objective: This study intended to figure out the effects of fixed effects and genes such as beta-lactoglobulin (β-LG), prolactin (PRL), annexin A9 (ANXA9), and acetyl-CoA acyltransferase 2 (ACAA2) on the structure of fatty milk acids in Awassi ewes, as well as any potential genotype-genotype interactions. Materials and Methods: Fatty acid (FA) profile and other milk components were examined from 116 Awassi ewes in total. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to extract and genotype their DNA, and either sequencing or restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis came next. Results: Saturated, medium-chain, and long-chain FA proportions were not significantly impacted by the genotypes of β-LG, PRL, ANXA9, and ACAA2. Conversely, ewes with the β-LG AA genotype displayed higher levels of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs), while the β-LG AB genotype was linked to the highest levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). It has been demonstrated that PUFA levels are impacted by single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of ANXA9, while VLCFA and PUFA levels are changed by SNPs of ACAA2. The PRL AA genotype showed the greatest influence on VLCFA. Furthermore, milk exhibited the highest levels of MUFA and PUFA due to the interaction between β-LG and PRL. The interaction PRL-ANXA9 exhibited the greatest levels of VLCFA. Additionally, Dam lambing weight affected the levels of MUFA, MCFA, and long-chain fatty acids. Conclusion: To increase the levels of MUFA and PUFA constituents, the selection program should effectively harness and integrate the synergistic benefits of β-LG, PRL, ANXA9, and ACAA2 as well as their interaction. J. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res., 12(1): 238–251, March 2025 http://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2025.l891

Objective: This study examined the impacts of feeding zinc and selenium (SeNPs) nanoparticles and their combinations (ZnNPs and SeNPs and ZnNPs + SeNPs) on growth efficiency, the carcass, blood indicators, and meat criteria traits in chickens during 38 days. Materials and Methods: Two hundred forty (Cobb 500) 7-day-old chicks were divided in entirely random form into 4 groups, each group divided into 6 replicates of 10 chicks. Dietary supplements were given in accordance with a corn-soybean diet in the following 4 test treatments: 0.0 (T0), 1.5 mg/kg SeNPs(T1), 2.0 mg/kg ZnNPs(T2), and 1.5 mg/kg SeNPs + 2.0 mg/kg ZnNPs(T3). Water and feed were provided at all times during the 38-day period. Results: The findings concluded that the mixing of SeNPs, ZnNPs, or its combination as feed addition improved rates of growth, as illustrated by higher “body weight” and reduced “feed intake and feed conversion ratio”. The results indicated that there were no appreciable variations (p ≤ 0.05) in carcass measurements between the treatments. Additionally, hematological markers showed significant improvements, with decreased amounts of “uric acid, creatinine, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, total cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein”, while high-density lipoprotein values increased in chicks feeding ZnNPs or SeNPs compared to the control group in eating. Additionally, T3 levels were lowered and T4 levels were raised when SeNPs, ZnNPs, or a mixture of the two were given. Additionally, these treatments affected immunological responses, leading to increased immunoglobulin (IgM and IgG) levels. By increasing moisture quantity while maintaining carcass texture, aroma, tenderness, juiciness, and acceptability scores, these supplements also had an impact on meat quality. Conclusion: The addition of SeNPs and ZnNPs to the chicken diet enhanced immune system function, growth, and blood criteria. This raises the possibility of a substitute for popular growth boosters and organic immune modulators. J. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res., 12(2): 539–548, June 2025 http://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2025.l918

Objective: The study was conducted to assess the seasonal and geographical distributions, proximate compositions, and secondary metabolites of some of the commercially important seaweed species in the southeast coasts of Bangladesh. Materials and Methods: A temporal survey was conducted to know the seasonal and monthly distribution of seaweeds in different areas of the southeast coasts in Bangladesh. The representative samples were collected for proximate analysis and phytochemical screening by high-performance liquid chromatography. Results: The results showed that Saint Martin’s Island was the hotspot for the seaweeds in Bangladesh but sporadically distributed in the different areas of Cox’s Bazar district. Enteromorpha intestinalis and Hypnea musciformis were found from October to April, while the rest of the seaweed species were mostly observed during the winter season. The highest crude protein with the lowest crude fiber was found in Gracilaria tenuistipitata, but the highest ash content was recorded in E. intestinalis. However, the highest level of tannin and saponin was found in Asparagopsis taxiformis, whereas the lowest was in Sargassum flavicans. Conclusion: The occurrences and distributions of seaweeds vary depending on the species in the southeast coastal areas of Bangladesh, where Saint Martin’s Island is the largest reservoir. Most of the marine seaweeds found in the coastal areas of Bangladesh are rich in nutritive and bioactive compounds, which can be used as an alternative source of animal feed/feed additives for climate-smart livestock production. J. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res., 12(2): 549–557, June 2025 http://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2025.l919

Objective: This study is to investigate the concept of gum arabic (Acacia senegal (L.) Willd.) as microencapsulation for traditional healthy food modified with the concept of powder drying with that derived from fermented Sumbawa mare’s milk with the concept of improving the integrity of healthy processed food products. Materials and Methods: The use of gum arabic (Acacia senegal (L.) Willd.) as a microencapsulant of Sumbawa mare’s milk powder with treatments (T1: 20%, T2: 24%, T3: 28%, and T4: 32%). Fermented Sumbawa mare’s milk samples were dried using the oven vacuum foam drying method with gum arabic binder at 70°C for 420 min. Evaluation of product test results by analyzing antibacterial, antioxidant, Escherichia coli concentration, protein content, and microstructure. Results: Based on the treatment of the results of the research, it has been significant (p < 0.01) that Sumbawa mare’s milk powder with the use of gum arabic as a microencapsulant known antibacterial test (Lactobacillus casei ATCC 393:4.56 mm, Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633:7.36 mm, E. coli ATCC 25922:12.25 mm, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 15442:12.2 mm), as well as an antioxidant test, which has a value of (46.13 ± 0.73c), microstructure, and protein content using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry analysis, which is reinforced with health pharmaceutical information with literature studies. The E. coli test (food quality test) had a value of 0 CFU/gm, with the results shown in treatment T4 (32%). Conclusion: The use of gum Arabic as a natural additive microencapsulant can be promising in the production of Sumbawa mare’s milk powder. The results obtained have a significant effect on increasing protection and reducing the risk of unwanted pathogenic microbacterial contamination, can reduce antioxidant levels, and provide knowledge for the general public in improving the quality and healthy nutrition of traditional foods. J. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res., 12(2): 610–620, June 2025 http://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2025.l925

Objective: Investigation of Klebsiella pneumoniae in respiratory-diseased pet cats, estimation of antibiotic sensitivity, and molecular phylogeny of local K. pneumoniae to identify its identity to global isolates. Methods: Totally, 127 feline cases with various respiratory signs were selected for the collection of the nasal swabs that were cultured to isolate K. pneumoniae and detect the antibiotic sensitivity. Further molecular phylogeny of positive K. pneumoniae isolates was done. Results: Findings of culture media and biochemical tests showed that 26.77% of nasal swabs were positive samples for K. pneumoniae. The screening for the antibiotic susceptibility reported a higher sensitivity to ceftiofur, ciprofloxacin, cefepime, amikacin, gentamicin, cefotaxime, and meropenem, as well as ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, and doxycycline, imipenem, as well as clotrimazole and tetracycline. In contrast, the more significant resistant K. pneumoniae isolates were detected to clarithromycin, clindamycin, amoxicillin, cefixime, chloramphenicol, erythromycin, cephalexin, cefadroxil, azithromycin, and nalidixic acid, whereas, significant semi-sensitivity was shown to tylosin. Molecular testing by polymerase chain reaction demonstrated that all isolates were K. pneumoniae. The genetics-based analysis of local K. pneumoniae isolates recorded an overall similarity (95.47%–100%) and changes/mutations (0.0004%–0.0084%), in particular to the National Center for Biotechnology Information-Iraqi isolate (Lc732203.1). Conclusion: This study indicates the high prevalence of K. pneumoniae in respiratory-diseased cats with significant appearance of antibiotic resistance in study isolates. Sequencing data referred to the close related association of study isolates to human K. pneumoniae isolates, suggesting the increased prevalence of nosocomial infections in veterinary medicine. J. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res., 12(2): 621–628, June 2025 http://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2025.l926

Objective: This study aimed to assess the knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) of key stakeholders regarding African swine fever (ASF) and its reporting in Abuyog, Leyte, Philippines. It also aimed to identify sociodemographic factors associated with KAP levels. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional survey was performed on 392 respondents, including pig farmers (n = 333), butchers (n = 38), live pig/meat sellers (n = 11), and Local Government Unit personnel (n = 10) between November 2023 and February 2024. KAP scores were calculated and categorized into “poor” and “good” using a median cutoff. Logistic regression analyses were conducted to investigate the association between sociodemographic variables and KAP levels. Results: Most participants showed poor knowledge of ASF causative agents, transmission, and clinical signs (83.93%) and disease recognition (60.20%), but many have good knowledge of ASF reporting protocols (70.92%). Attending ASF seminars/training was associated with improved basic ASF knowledge, disease recognition, and case reporting. Basic knowledge of ASF could enhance disease recognition. Disease recognition could then enhance ASF case reporting. Younger stakeholders showed better knowledge of basic ASF concepts. Pig farmers exhibited poor knowledge of disease recognition. Most participants showed good attitudes toward ASF reporting (97.7%), which was associated with overall knowledge of ASF. Most participants showed good practices in the early steps of case reporting (85.20%), relatively balanced on reporting protocol (49.23%), and relatively poor knowledge-seeking behavior (45.41%). Pig farmers were less likely to report than other stakeholders. Good overall knowledge translates into good practices. Overall practices are influenced by the primary source of income. Conclusion: The findings reveal a notable gap in knowledge concerning ASF among participants, highlighting an essential need for enhanced educational initiatives. Strengthening basic ASF knowledge is vital, as it positively impacts disease recognition and, in turn, case reporting. Although there is a generally positive attitude toward ASF reporting, the lack of knowledge-seeking behavior and the variability in reporting practices based on income sources suggest a need for tailored educational programs. J. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res., 12(2): 629–646, June 2025 http://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2025.l927

Objective: This study was to evaluate the relationship between serum anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) concentration and antral follicle count (AFC) during the estrous cycle of Colombian Creole cows of the Chino Santandereano breed. Materials and Methods: Ten non-lactating, non-pregnant, multiparous cows of the Chino Santandereano breed (Bos taurus taurus adapted), aged between 3 and 7 years, with a body condition of 3.0 ± 0.4 and with normal reproductive tracts at the structural and functional level, were selected and used. For the synchronization of estrus and ovulation, an intravaginal progesterone release device plus 2 mg of estradiol benzoate was applied for 8 days. On day 8, 150 μg of cloprostenol sodium + 300 IU of equine chorionic gonadotropin + 1 mg of estradiol cypionate was administered. This protocol was performed to determine the antral follicular count and to quantify serum AMH levels every 5 days during the estrous cycle. Results: The mean serum AMH concentration and AFC were 725 ± 2.7 pg/ml and 43.4 ± 3.5, respectively. A high correlation was observed between AMH and AFC of r = 0.041; p < 0.0001. Conclusion: The results showed that in Creole cows of the Chino Santandereano breed, there is a high correlation between circulating levels of AMH and ovarian reserve. This mechanism can be used as an endocrine biomarker of the follicular population. J. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res., 12(2): 680–686, June 2025 http://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2025.l931

In a controlled experiment, we compared renal-hepatal, haematological and organ histopathology responses in chickens treated with Crude extracts of Capsicum annuum L. and Carica papaya L. to those treated with synthetic anthelmintics. Twenty-one indigenous seven-week-old chickens were fed on Nuvita® feeds Uganda limited and adlib tap municipal water. They were divided into seven groups of three chickens per group. The treatments were; CPLe (Carica papaya L. ethanol extract), CPLa (Carica papaya L. acetone extract), CAFe (Capsicum annuum L. ethanol extract), CAFa (Capsicum annuum L. acetone extract), levamisole, piperazine and phosphate buffered saline (PBS). CPLe, CPLa, CAFe, CAFa were given at a dose of 0.48 g per bird (1.37 g/kg body weight) as determined from a previous in-vitro experiment. Levamisole hydrochloride was given at 25 mg/kg body weight and piperazine citrate at 100 mg/kg body weight. The control group received 0.2% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) in PBS. The treatments were individually administered orally and repeated on the second day. The birds were bled and sacrificed one week after treatment. Blood was submitted for haematology and harvesting of serum for renal-hepatal function tests. The heart, kidneys and liver were also harvested for histological examinations. CPLe caused significantly raised albumin compared to CAFe (p = 0.02), levamisole caused significantly raised AST compared to CAFe (p = 0.04). All extracts and synthetic anthelmentics increased the number of eosinophils, indicating an increased inflammatory response. CPLa, CAFe, CAFa and levamisole were toxic to the kidneys. All extracts were toxic to the liver except CPLe. Piperazine and levamisole were as well toxic to the liver.Contribution: Plant extracts are not necessarily safer than synthetic anthelmintics and should be used with caution.