Resistance to trypanocidal drugs has been detected in various African countries and is a serious impediment to the control of livestock trypanosomosis. To determine whether drug resistant trypanosome strains are present in the Zambézia Province of Mozambique a study was initiated. To assess the effect of the farming system and the drug-use regimen on the development of drug resistance, trypanosome isolates were collected from cattle from subsistence and commercial livestock production systems. The susceptibility of seven isolates against isometamidium chloride, diminazene aceturate and homidium chloride was tested in mice using a multiple-dose test. In four of the seven isolates high levels of drug resistance to diminazene aceturate and isometamidium chloride were detected. In most cases the observed levels of drug resistance correlated with the drug-use practices in the particular livestock production system.

In an assessment of cell mediated immunity against Salmonefl g_'p_h_i antigen in Guinea pigs following their intraperitoneal injection with sensitized spleen cells. The results were revealed a high level of cell mediated immunity against Salmonella typh_i_ antigen in the Guinea pigs intraperitonealy received the sensitized spleen cells (5x1 08/1111). The level of cell mediated immunity was detected using delayed type hypersensitivity test. Macrophages migration inhibition test and Erythrocytes rosette test. The nonnal (nonsensitized) spleen cell recipient group (control group) was showed no level ofcell mediated immunity using these tests.

A case control study was conducted in Busrah at the period from March to September 2002 . The population included in this study was divided into two groups . The first group was included patents with G6pD deficiency and the second group was included normal individuals as a control group . Stool samples were collected from both groups for bacteriological e.'amination . This study revealed that ; there was an association between G6pD deficiency and Salmonella typhi carrier state and this association was statistically significant in urban rather than rural area .

Several physiological variables related to salinity acclimation in Liza abu were examined, using oxygen consumption rate and glucose level as an indication of osmoregulatory energetic. l~'reshwater acclimated I.. aim were transferred to two salinity (7 and 15 g/L) oxygen consumption rates. glucose levels and plasma ion concentrations (Na i. K’) were measured after three days of transfer to higher salinity. Plasma ion concentrations were elevated after transfer. Blood glucose level increased after transfer to salinity 7 g/L while its level decreased in salinity 15 g/L compared to its level in freshwater. Oxygen consumption rate increased one and half time of that in freshwater but no significant difference were noticed in oxygen consumption rates between fish in both salinities (7 and 15 g/L) .'l'he amount of metabolic energy consumed during salinity acclimation were also determined. The result showed that the physiological changes associated with salinity acclimation impose a significant short - term energetic cost.

Abomasum, liver and lung of l2 adult moulllon (o;is ammon musiomon p) were investigated for helminths parasite which belong to ahcrd of about 170 animals. Tow species of nematoda and one fluke all from the digestive tract were found Q L and Q (/(.'n(/I‘iI£'1_u_)g The present linding of these parasite were considered the first in Iraq.

Evaluation of the effect of common antibiotics used in the farm production , on the immune system of chickens during the 21 days of life were investigated. A total of 60, one-dayold chicks were divided into Four equal groups and was raised for 30 days. Three groups were treated with Ampieillin, Enrofloxacin & Amoxyeillin respectively whereas the4"‘group was served as control. Antibiotic treatment was similar to regimen used in commercial chicken production. which included utilization of antibiotic at 1“ day of life and after vaccination. Body weight, bursa of fabrieius weight and bursa of fabrieius to body weight ratio were calculated in order to monitor the growth rate of bursa during the 2] days of life. All birds were vaccinated against ND at 7&2ldays of age. Blood samples were collected at l4&?.9 days of age. Blood total protein, albumin and globulin were determined. Antibiotic treatment often resulted in significant decrease (l’ Keywords Ampicillin --- Fabricius --- lmmunomodulating

12 local breed cows, their age between 6-7 years old suffering from right alamnasal displacernem depending on their case history and general cxantinzrtion, treated surgically with two different surgical procedures (Right Flank Omentopexy and Right Flank abomasopcxy).

Difierent co1icc1)tratio1) ol'rit;1(npin and Ciprotlox'tcin ~vere tested I'or their activities in iil>(~ a Keywords rifampin --- Leishmanicidal --- CL.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the status of infection by Cryptosporidium spp. in Beni-Suef Governorate. For this purpose, 305 fecal samples from animals (75 calves, 74 dairy cattle, 86 lambs and 70 sheep) and 177 human stool samples were collected from inhabitants and out patients of the university hospital in Beni-Suef who suffering from gastroenteritis mainly diarrhea. The samples were examined using Modified Ziehl-Neelsen technique. An over all of animal cryptosporidiosis was 6.8%. Cryptosporidium oocysts could be detected in calves, dairy cattle, lambs and adult sheep at a rate of 12%, 2.75%, 6.97% and 0% respectively. Concerning humans Cryptosporidium oocysts could be detected at a rate of 14.56% and 2.7% in diarrheic individuals and apparently healthy ones. Infection rate in females (14.28%) was higher than in males (6%) and the children (1-10 years old) were highly susceptible to cryptosporidiosis than adults. Eighty-nine selected diarrheic feacal samples (79 from humans and 10 from calves) were selected and examined by cryptosporidium antigen capture ELISA beside their examination by Modified Ziehl-Neelsen technique. No significant differences were found between the two techniques in terms of epidemiological study.

During December/January 1996/97 typical summer syndrome (hyperthermia and a 30 % drop in milk yield) occurred in succession in two Holstein dairy herds (n = 240 and n = 150 milking cows, respectively) on the South African Highveld. These farms are situated in the midst of the prime maize and dairy farming areas of South Africa where this condition had never been diagnosed before. The individual components of the concentrate on both farms were negative for ergot alkaloids. Endophytic fungi and/or ergot infestation of teff and other grasses fed to the cows were then suspected of being involved, but neither endophytes nor ergot alkaloids could be implicated from these sources. By measuring the serum prolactin levels of groups of sheep (n = 5) fed the first farm's total mixed ration (TMR) or its three individual fibre components for a period of 11 days, the source of the ergot alkaloids was identified. A statistically significant decrease in the level of this hormone occurred only in the group on maize silage (which constituted 28 % on dry matter base of the TMR). The involvement of the maize silage was further chemically confirmed by the high levels of total ergot alkaloids, predominantly ergocryptine, found by LC-MS in the silage as well as in the TMR (115-975 ppb and 65-300 ppb, respectively). The ergot alkaloid content (mainly ergocryptine) of the maize silage on the second affected farm was 875 ppb. Withdrawal of contaminated silage resulted in gradual recovery of stock on both farms. Nut sedge (Cyperus esculentus and Cyperus rotundus of the family Cyperaceae) has a world-wide distribution and is a common weed in annual crops, and can be parasitized by Claviceps cyperi. Careful examination of the maize silage from both farms revealed that it was heavily contaminated with nut sedge and that it contained minute sclerotia, identified as those of Claviceps cyperi, originating from the latter. Nut sedge was abundant on both farms and it is believed that late seasonal rain had resulted in mature, heavily ergotised nut sedge being cut with the silage. Claviceps cyperi sclerotia, collected on the affected fields in the following autumn contained 3 600-4 000 ppm ergocryptine. That the dominant alkaloid produced by this particular fungus was indeed ergocryptine, was confirmed by negative ion chemical ionization MS/MS. In one further outbreak in another Holstein herd, teff hay contaminated with ergotised nut sedge and containing 1 200 ppb alkaloids, was incriminated as the cause of the condition. This is the first report of bovine ergotism not associated with the Poaceae infected with Claviceps purpureum or endophytes but with the family Cyperaceae and this particular fungal phytopathogen.