This study was conducted to evaluate and compare between some local and imported canned tuna products sold in supermarkets of Kafr El Sheikh Governorate, through physicochemical, bacteriological and sensory parameters assessment also, determining mercury and histamine level to ensure product safety. The results revealed that all examined tuna samples physiochemical parameters (pH, total volatile nitrogen (TVN), and thiobarbituric acid (TBA)) were compatible with the Egyptian specifications and considered safe for consumption. The microbial examinations indicated that samples show incidence of S. aureus was 44% for imported tuna. While for local chunk and shredded were 56% and 67%, respectively. In addition to detection of its enterotoxins, which were 11% and 22% for local chunk and shredded samples, respectively. The enterotoxins of isolated S. aureus were type A, detected from local chunk and types A, C, and D from local shredded samples. The incidence of anaerobic bacteria was 22% and 33% for local chunk and shredded samples, respectively, but not detected in imported samples with no detection of Clostridium perfringens in all local and imported samples. However, the imported and local samples were significantly different. All local tuna samples contained high level of mercury exceeded the permissible limits of 0.5 mg/kg while, the imported samples within the limit.  Also, histamine levels were found within the Egyptian Standards of (20 mg/100 g) although there was a significant difference between imported and local samples. In conclusion, the results pointed out that all examined local and imported canned tuna samples agreed with the Egyptian and other standards making them considered safe for human consumption.

This experimental study was carried out in the faculty of veterinary medicine, at Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt. A total of 40 dogs were categorized based on the severity of dehydration into three categories (mild, moderate, and severe) and a fourth group for dogs without dehydration. Many biochemical parameters were utilized to evaluate dehydration, including blood electrolytes (Na, K, CL, Ca, Mg, and Ph), liver enzymes (ALT and AST), kidney function parameters (urea, creatinine, and uric acid), and lactate. The most prevalent clinical manifestations of gastroenteritis in dogs were vomiting, followed by profuse watery yellowish to bloody diarrhea, anorexia, and mild, moderate, and severe degrees of dehydration manifested by STT retardation. Four OLR models ranging from univariable to multivariable logistic regression were developed. Lactate, AST, creatinine, urea, and uric acid were recorded as positive predictors for the severity of dehydration; however, only lactate, AST, and uric acid were recorded as positive significant (p<0.05) predictors for the degree of dehydration. Na, K, Cl, Ca, Mg, Ph, and ALT were all negative predictors of dehydration level. Na and K were significant (P0.05) negative predictors of the degree of dehydration, whereas the remaining variables were not substantially related to the degree of dehydration. It was observed that biochemical markers are good indicators of dehydration; including these factors in the OLR model will help in differentiating between different degrees of dehydration.

Rift Valley Fever (RVF) since its discovery has been recognized as a source of numerous outbreaks in Africa and Arab peninsulas. It is a zoonotic highly pathogenic mosquito born virus disease. The first line of defense against such disease is the prevention of its the occurrence by periodic vaccination. The use of adjuvant is of fundamental importance in vaccines formulations and hyperimmune serum production. This study aimed to prepare hyperimmune serum against RVF virus to be used in diagnostic purposes in addition to its possible use for treatment in emergence cases. To establish this goal, we use Montanide IMS 3015 investigating its immune modulatory effect in immunized sheep. The experimental sheep received 3 injections of inactivated RVF virus adjuvant with Montanide IMS 3015 one week intervals, the fourth injection was virulent virus. The obtained serum 7 days after the last injection was discovered to be safe and free of foreign pollutants. For mice; specific for RVF virus with mean serum neutralizing antibody titer 20480 and ELISA optical density 1.402. It was found that this serum was able to protect mice against experimental infection with RVF virus in the ratios 100%; 100%; 90% and 60% of it was administrated to mice 24 hours pre-virus infection; simultaneously with the virus; 24 hours post-infection and 48 hours post infection respectively while later serum administration was unable to protect mice against viral infection.

The purpose of the present study is to investigate the catfish brain morphology by gross anatomy, morphometric analysis in addition to light microscopy. A total of twenty African catfish (Clarias gariepinus), 30-80 cm long, with body mass 300-900gm, were used in this study. Anatomically, the brain of catfish is divided into five parts: telencephalon, mesencephalon, diencephalon, myelencephalon   and metencephalon. The most prominent parts of catfish brain are optic tectum, telencephalon, and cerebellum. The morphometric analysis of the brain of catfish revealed a large optic tectum in the mesencephalon, whilst telencephalon and the cerebellum are of medium size. The brain occupies the caudal part of the cranial cavity. The brain is slightly elongated and narrow, slightly wider in the middle portion near the mesencephalon (optic tectum), eminentia granularis and the diencephalon. The telencephalon (cerebral hemispheres) single layer formed from various neuirons which are supported by neuroglia. The optic tectum consisted of five layers stratum marginale; stratum opticum; stratum album centrale; stratum griseum centrale and stratum periventriculare. The cerebellum histologically, formed from three different layers molecular, purkinje cell and inner granular layers. The optic nerve in catfish appeared large and thick.

Generally, the majority of the food poisoning crisis from seafood comes out due to shellfish consumption, mainly gandofflibecause ofits filter feeders pattern. Many microbes are used as an indicator of the hygienic status of several foods, one of them is Escherichia coli which is used to detect fecal pollution in water and shellfish. Therefore, twenty gandoffli samples were randomly collected from local markets in Ismailia city, Egypt, for evaluation of Enterobacteriaceae counts, and identification of Escherichia. coli and detection of phoA and Shiga toxin genes. The obtained results revealed that the total Enterobacteriaceae count of the gandoffli ranged from 7×102 to 7×105 cfu/g with an average of 5×104 ±3.5×104cfu/g. The occurrence of Enterobacteriaceae members in gandoffli was represented by E. coli (99%), Acinetobacter lwoffii (99%), Enterobacter hormaechei (85%), Klebsiella oxytoca (95%), Stentrophomonas maltophilia (85%), Moraxella lacunata (85%), Achromobacter xyloxidans (93%), and ESBL E. coli (100%). In addition, E. coli isolated from gandoffli were subsequently serologically typed into O103, O55, O 128, O 126, and O157 then confirmed using conventional polymerase chain reaction by the presence of alkaline phosphatase gene. Upon checking virulence genes in E. coli: stx2 was absent in O157 and O103. Also, stx1 was present in O157 and absent in O103. Its should be concluded that gandoffli were exposed to enterobacteriaceae contamination from different sources during handling, storage and distribution. Gandoffli had E coli and their toxin that can pose serious public health hazards to consumers. Strick hygienic measures must be applied through the chain of gandoffli production to ensure their safety for consumer consumptions

A comprehensive inference of the structural alterations that occur in the body after death plays a pivotal role in the accurate interpretation of the time since death in many human and animal death investigations. Particular estimation of post-mortem interval (PMI) is usually affected by many frequently changed environmental and other factors that influence the sequential changes that happen to a body after death. Histopathologic investigation in autopsy is a unique technique to investigate PMI. Moreover, it is a supplementary investigation in cases where macroscopic examinations fail to display a diagnostic pathology regarding death. Here, we investigated the post-mortem histopathological changes in rats' brains to pinpoint the time that elapsed since death. For this purpose, we used 72 male Sprague-Dawley rats divided into two main groups 36 young-aged rats and 36 adult-aged rats. The two main groups were subdivided into 6 subgroups (6 rats/subgroup). After accommodation, rats were cervically dislocated and intact brain was collected at 0-hour post-mortem and the at 2nd, 4th, 8th, 12th, and 24th hrs post-mortem at room temperature (RT) and 4oC. The histopathological changes of collected brain tissues revealed that the post-mortem changes begin to be emphasized after 8th hrs post-mortem in both young and adult rats at RT than at 4oC. Those changes included hemorrhage, mild neuronal degeneration, and apoptotic neurons that were prominent in the cerebral cortex. Moreover, cerebral cortex histopathologic changes continued till the 24th hrs post-mortem. Also, the cerebellar changes followed the same path as the cerebral ones. However, the results deduced that the post-mortem changes were prominent at RT in young-aged rats. In conclusion, observation of the histopathological changes of brain tissue under certain individual and environmental circumstances can be an effective, inexpensive, and additional tool to accurately estimate the PMI.

A total of 180 eggs (20 batches each represented by 3 eggs) of the farm, balady, and organic egg samples were collected in October 2021 from markets in Ismailia governorate, Egypt, and examined for detection of the oxytetracycline, ciprofloxacin, and gentamicin residues by using HPLC-Ms/Ms. The farm and balady eggs contained 20% with mean values of 69.95±1.78 and 43.6±2.65 ppb, respectively, and all of them were below the permissible limits and accepted. They contained 20% and 60% with mean values of 26± 0.21 and 39.58±5.58 ppb, respectively, and all positive samples were unaccepted. Both egg types were free from gentamicin residues, meanwhile, all organic eggs were clear from the three antibiotic residues under investigation. The study also revealed the distribution of oxytetracycline and ciprofloxacin in albumin and yolk after oral administration and their residues in the 6th-day eggs were (750 and 500 ppb) and (500 and 319 ppb), respectively. The effect of boiling for 15 minutes on oxytetracycline and ciprofloxacin residues in albumin and yolk was also investigated and showed a reduction% of (88 and 90) and (90.5 and 87.5), respectively. Meanwhile, the frying of whole eggs for 5 minutes reduced their concentration by 94.3% and 94.5%, respectively. In conclusion, the antibiotic residues in edible eggs are a serious risk that should be monitored, and it's significant to highlight the importance of efficient boiling and frying of eggs in reducing these residues and relieving their hazards to the consumer's health.

In this study, the selection of samples from different levels of pastry chains and local markets as well aimed to assess the influence of price and brand name; which may be considered at the moment of cake selection, on the nutritional quality and safety of the final served product.The moisture, ash, protein, fat, fiber, and available carbohydrate contents of 30 cake samples produced locally in Egypt from different brands pastry shops divided into international, national, and local brands were determined. Results explored that the highest average moisture content was recorded for the international brand (45.7 %), followed by the local brand (42.8 %), while for the national brand, it was 40.9%. The international brand samples' results were the highest in protein% (4.8) and the lowest in Ash% (3.5), while the national brand samples were the highest in average fat% (19.5) and the local brand samples were the highest in average carbohydrates% (36.1). Average protein content appeared to be very close in percent throw groups with 4.8, 4.5, and 4 in international, national, and local brands, respectively. Also, the total energy in a piece of cake was calculated by analyzing total fat, protein, and carbohydrate contents. The highest average caloric content was found in national brand samples (317.9 Kcal), 53.1% of this energy content was accredited to fat content. Different studies were subjected to the side effect of pastries on human health all over the world but these studies were slightly deficient in Egypt, our study aimed to determine the nutritional quality of cake samples by finding out the type of fatty acids used in processing through analyzing the fatty acid profile (SFA, MUFA, PUFA & Trans FA), in addition, Lipid Nutritional Quality Indices (LNQI) were evaluated from the composition data of fatty acids.  Data presented in this study showed bad effect of Cream based cakes consumption in Egypt especially from the local brand shops due to its high saturated fatty acid content with the highest incidence of TFA (4.5%) and high caloric value from carbohydrates content (52.8%) especially on high risk people with chronic disorders and eldery. Also it was noticed that the high price of international brand product is in equivelant with its chemical composition and good quality as it is more healthier than other brands.

The emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria has led to increased bacterial infections that are difficult to treat. Bacteriophage therapy presents a potential solution to this problem. In this study, three phages isolated from different water sources in Ismailia were identified as potential candidates for bacteriophage therapy to control Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria. The phages were characterized according to morphology, host range, physical characteristics, and genetic differences. Based on their head and tail features, TEM images were utilized to identify two phages from the Siphoviridae family and one from the Myoviridae family. The phages were also tested for their tolerance to different physical and chemical factors such as temperature, pH, salinity, chloroform, and exposure to the laser, blood plasma, and essential oils. The three phages exhibited different preferences and tolerances to these factors, suggesting that they may be effective against different bacterial strains of P. aeruginosa in different environments. The study demonstrates the potential of phage therapy as an alternative to antibiotic therapy and highlights the importance of understanding phage characteristics in developing effective phage formulations.

Caseous lymphadenitis (CLA) is a chronic, contagious disease that affects sheep and is brought on by Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis (C. pseudotuberculosis). The development of abscesses in the peripheral lymph nodes and widespread infections frequently characterizes it. The purpose of this study was to look into the prevalence of CLA in sheep, the virulence gene, drug resistance genes, and the effect of C. pseudotuberculosis on hematological and biochemical parameters, as well as the cellular immunity of diseased sheep. Pus and blood samples were collected aseptically from 100 sheep suffering from abscess formation. The C. pseudotuberculosis strain isolates were found in a percentage of 14%. Pseudotuberculosis antibiotic sensitivity revealed a higher resistance to β-lactam antibiotics, aminoglycosides, and lincosamides. Out of the 14 isolates of C. pseudotuberculosis, seven isolates were selected for investigation of the presence of C. pseudotuberculosis. All of the C. pseudotuberculosis isolates tested positive for 16S rRNA, RNA polymerase-subunit gene (rpoB) genes, β-lactam (bla), and integrons (int). Six isolates were positive for the phospholipase D (Pld) gene at a percentage of 85%. On the other hand, the aminoglycosides (aadA2) gene and the sigma factor E (sigE) gene were detected in percentages of 57% and 28.57%, respectively. Red blood cell count, hemoglobin (Hb), packed cell volume, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular Hb concentration, white blood cell count, neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils, globulin, and total plasma proteins all showed significant changes. Similarly, the results of the biochemical analysis revealed significant changes in liver and kidney functions, as well as calcium concentration. However, there were no significant changes in potassium (K+). It concluded that C. pseudotuberculosis harms the sheep's health in general reflected by all the changes recorded in the hemogram, leukogram, and blood chemistry.