ABSTRACT Laboratory animals have frequently been used in scientific and preclinical pharmaceutical drug safety and efficacy research. Although the introduction of new in silico assays and computer modeling for drug discovery has shown promise in reducing laboratory animal trials, there is still a need to develop in vitro alternatives to in vivo animal models. The in vitro spheroid wound model is one of the best options for developing alternative techniques to animal research as it is the most widely used laboratory animal model. The aim of the study is to using 3D in vitro wound modeling as an alternative to in vivo wound healing assays. In the study, a three-dimensional cell culture (organoid culture) with cell/cell and cell/matrix junctions was generated using the most common Fibroblast and HaCaT cell lines hanging drop technique to replicate the healing stages in the injured skin area. After spheroid epidermal structures were formed, inhibitors and activators were added to the culture medium and their effects on the wound line and 3D cells produced were determined. It was noted that the number of spheroid structures increased significantly and cell-cell interactions became visible in the additional activator groups compared to the control groups. When the inhibitor-treated group was compared with the control groups, it was observed that the formed structures completely disappeared or decreased in amount and cell-cell interactions could not be established. In conclusion, this study offers an alternative to using laboratory animals to evaluate potential medicines and/or extracts in wound healing experiments.

CDV and CPV are significant viral agents that frequently cause fatal infections in both domestic and wild dogs. In this study, a total of 95 animals, including both healthy individuals and those exhibiting gastrointestinal and neurological symptoms, aged between 6 and 24 months, were serologically examined for CDV and CPV infections using the ELISA test. According to the manufacturer's instructions, the assay range for CDV was specified as 0.7 ng/ml to 200 ng/ml, with a sensitivity value of 0.665 ng/ml. Among the total 95 animals, 48 (50.52%) with good general health had antibody titers ranging between 7 and 20, while 9 (9.47%) had titers between 50 and 85. In animals showing lethargy, diarrhea, vomiting, and neurological symptoms, 22 (23.15%) had titers between 7 and 20, 10 (10.52%) between 20 and 35, 12 (12.63%) between 35 and 50, and 4 (4.2%) between 50 and 85. In terms of CPV antibodies, 88 (92.63%) were found to be positive. In conclusion, the study data indicate the necessity of developing and strictly implementing strategies to combat CDV and CPV infections. Further studies are required to investigate the genetic variability of these viruses, the effectiveness of vaccine-induced antibodies in protecting against local strains, and the pathogenesis of the diseases.

Toxicology is a science that dates to Ancient Egypt. Animal and herbal poisons were classified according to their source, and cases were categorized based on symptoms, with comments about prognosis, were included at texts were written Ancient Egypt period. In the texts written by the ancient writer Strabo, it is understood that communities with mastery on snakes lived in Anatolia. There is also information that plant-derived poisons were used in hunting and war tools in ancient time. It is seen that poisons were used quite widely in the Roman Period. There is also the extensive use of lead, especially in Roman plumbing, caused researchers to think about whether there was mass chronic poisoning. The aim of this study is to determine the current situation in order to use the Toxicology discipline in the field of Archaeology and to shed light on the period by using animals that met needs such as food sources, mounts and protection in the ancient period as biomarkers.

Ectoparasitic infestation can bring a threat to cost-effective buffalo production by causing mechanical damage, including, irritation, anaemia, allergic reaction, loss of condition, and even death. The current study was aimed to determine the ectoparasite status of buffaloes in the coastal regions of Bangladesh. For this study, 270 buffaloes from three selected districts (Noakhali, Bhola and Bagerhat) were randomly selected and examined visually. Buffaloes from different sexes and age ranges were selected based on their availability, and several risk factors, such as season and management systems, were also considered for the current study. Four (4) species of ectoparasites, namely, Haemaphysalis bispinosa, Rhipicephalus microplus, Linognathus vituli, and Damalinia bovis, where 47, comprising at 17.41% of overall prevalence was documented among the study areas. In contrast to the species-wise prevalence, H. bispinosa, R. microplus, L. vituli, and D. bovis were detected in 26, 11, 3, and 7 buffaloes, comprising a prevalence of 9.63%, 4.07%, 1.11%, and 2.59%, respectively. Moreover, the highest prevalence (18.52%) was seen in the adult compared to young buffaloes (12.96%), and females (18.92%) were more likely to be infected than males (15.57%). In addition to this, seasonal variations in the presence of ectoparasites were observed, with Winter having the highest infection levels (28.89%), followed by Summer (16.67%), and Rainy (6.67%). The ectoparasites, encountered in this study, pose significant threats to public health due to their vector importance, therefore, necessitating regular monitoring and effective control measures should be implemented in this study area.

Cardiac biomarkers are considered one of the fundamental elements in the evaluation of cardiac function, while oxidative stress and inflammatory processes can also be regarded as important factors in the assessment of cardiovascular health. This study examined the relationships between cardiac biomarkers, oxidative stress, and inflammation, aiming to uncover the multidimensional interactions among these parameters. Cardiac parameters, inflammatory cytokines, and oxidative stress markers in heart tissue were analyzed in twenty-four male rats. Pearson and canonical correlation analyses were employed to assess the complex relationships between these datasets. Creatine kinase (CK) and creatine kinase–myocardial band (CK-MB) were positively correlated with malondialdehyde (MDA), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) and negatively correlated with glutathione (GSH), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and catalase (p<0.05). Furthermore, cTnI showed a positive correlation with TNF-α and a negative correlation with GSH-Px. The canonical correlation coefficients for the cardiac-oxidative stress and cardiac-inflammation datasets were significant (rc=0.852, p<0.05; rc=0.821, p<0.05). The proportion of oxidative stress and inflammation parameters explaining the variance in cardiac biomarkers was 52.20% and 49.40%, respectively. Canonical correlation analysis, which incorporates multiple relationships, revealed the intriguing multidimensionality of the interactions among the parameters. The results suggest that the association between oxidant-antioxidant and inflammatory status is notably more intricate with CK and CK-MB than with cTnI. These significant findings offer valuable insights that could contribute to advancing diagnostic and therapeutic strategies in the field of cardiology.

Dental diseases are one of the most common diseases in pets, occurring in 80% of old and young cats. Viral diseases, plaque formation, periodontal diseases, tooth and gum problems caused by the disorder of the jaw structure, which are common in cats, make tooth extraction operations compulsory. Regional nerve blocks are used to reduce postoperative pain sensation in the tooth extraction area and to reduce the amount of general anesthetic concentrations used. In this review, regional nerve block techniques in cats will be discussed.

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This field study was designed as a cohort (prospective) and involved 71 calves within the borders of Aydın Province. Each calf in the study was from one of three different farms (Farm A with 12 non-infectious diarrheic, 15 infectious diarrheic, Farm B with 13 non-infectious diarrheic, 19 infectious diarrheic, and Farm C as the healthy control group n=12). Serum samples were separated into Eppendorf tubes after centrifugation and stored in a -80 °C freezer until analysis. The competitive enzyme immunoassay technique was applied using the Bovine Diamine Oxidase ELISA test. Diamine Oxidase (ng/mL) measurements in infectious, non-infectious, and healthy calves were determined to be 6.52 ± 2.85, 7.16 ± 3.40, and 17.05 ± 2.63 (p< 0.001), respectively, in terms of mean ± standard error. The data obtained suggest that determining circulating diamine oxidase enzyme levels under field conditions can support diagnosis as a biological marker of intestinal permeability, and more prominently, diamine oxidase activity may decrease in both non-infectious and infectious diarrheic calves in relation to small intestinal mucosal damage. This could represent a step closer to the diagnosis of leaky gut in calves.

Biocompatibility, which shows the compatibility between the host and the biomaterial, is very important for the reliability of a biomaterial. It is a must for a newly produced biomaterial to meet the biocompatibility criteria, which are bound to certain rules by international organizations. One of the criteria of biocompatibility is genotoxicity. In this study, it was aimed to evaluate the genotoxicity of a commercial polyaxial pedicle screw in vitro. For this purpose, in vitro micronucleus test and bacterial reverse mutation test were performed. Extraction method was used for both tests. When the obtained results were compared statistically, it was concluded that the tested biomaterial was not genotoxic.

Aegle marmelos, commonly known as Bael or Bengal quince, is a medicinal plant belonging to the family Rutaceae. The leaves of Aegle marmelos are rich in bioactive compounds and are traditionally used in various herbal remedies. Medicinal properties of Aegle marmelos leaves include antidiarrheal, antipyretic, ulcer healing, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, hypolipidemic and antioxidant activities. Rutin is a flavonoid, specifically a glycoside of quercetin extracted from leaves of bael. In the present study, the ethanolic extract of leaves of Aegle marmelos, collected from Ethno Veterinary Herbal Garden of Veterinary College and Research Institute, Orathanadu was subjected to High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC) to quantify rutin, a flavonoid from this plant. The study revealed that Aegle marmelos sample was found to contain rutin @ 272.2 ,ug per 100 mg of sample.