This study was carried out to nvestigate the NPY-immunohistochemical characteristics of the olfactory bulb in the striped field mouse(Apodemus agrarius). The animals were anesthesized with thiopental sodium and perfused with 4% paraformaldehyde through left ventricle and aorta. Brains were removed and tranfered 10%, 20% and 30% sucrose. Sections were then cut on a cryostat into 40 micro meter-thick. The tissue immunostained with avidin-biotinylated complex method. The main olfactory bulb consisted of seven circumferential laminae: and olfactory nerve fiber layer, a glomerular layer with glomeruli surrounding by periglomerular cells, an external plexiform layer having granule and tufted cells, a mitral cell layer, a narrow internal plexiform layer, a granule cell layer forming several cell rows and alayer of white matter. The accessory olfactory bulb had four layers: an olfactory or vomeronasal nerve fiber layer, a glomerular layer consisting of small glomeruli, a mixed layer not distinguishing the external plexiform/mitral cell/granule cell layers and a granule cell layer. Most of NPY-immunoreactive(NPY-IR) neurons in main olfactory bulb were localized in the deeper portion of granule cell layer, white matter and anterior olfactory nucleus. In addition, some NPY-IR neurons were identified in the external plexiform layer. The shape of NPY-IR neurons of all olfactory bulb were predominant round or oval, sometime multipolar in shape. And most NPY-IR processes were parallel to long axis of white matter. In accessory olfactory bulb, NPY-IR neurons were not found in all region.

Ischemic preconditioning (IPC), i.e., a preliminary brief episode of ischemia and reperfusion, has been shown to reduce the cell damage induced by long ischemia and reperfusion. Superoxide radical which is produced during reperfusion after ischemia was recongnized as a factor of the ischemic injury and it is dismutated into H2O2 and O2 by two types of intracellular superoxide dismutase (SOD), Cu,Zn-SOD in cytoplasm and Mn-SOD in mitochondria. Recently oxygen free radicals are suggested to induce the apoptosis, however mechanism of the reduced apoptosis by ischemic precondition was unknown, while many studies performed in mammalian heart indicated that ATP-sensitive K+(K atp) channel activation related with the protective effects. The aim of present study is toinvestigate 1)whether IP upregulate the Cu,Zn-SOD and Mn-SOD activities, and 2)whether ischemic preconditioning decreases apoptosis via K atp channel activation in timely reperfused skeletal muscle after long ishemia. The experimental animals, Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 250~300g, were divided into 8 group; 1)control group, 2)ischemic preconditioning only groups, 3)pinacidil, a K atp channel opener, treatment only groups, 4)glibenclamide, a K atp channel blocker, treatment only groups, 5)ischemia groups, 6)ischemia after IPC groups, 7)ischemia and pinacidil treatment groups, and 8)IP and ischemia after glibenclamide pretreatment groups. Animals of the control group were administered with the vehicle (DMSO) alone. Pinacidil (1mg/kg) was administred intravenously 5 minutes after initiation of ischemia, and glibenclamide(0.5mg/kg) was injected intravenously 20 minutes before IPC. In rats that were ischemic preconditioned, the left common iliac artery was occluded for 5 minutes followed by 5 minutes of reperfusion by three times usign vascular clamp. Ischemia was done by occlusion of the same artery for 4 hours. The specimens of left rectus femoris muscle were obtained immediately (0 hours), 12 hours, 24 horus after drug administrations, IP or ischemia and reperfusion. The immunoreactivities of SOD and its alterations were observed by use of sheep antihuman Cu,Zn-SOD and Mn-SOD antibodies onthe 10 micro meter cryosections. The incidencies of apoptosis were observed by TUNEL methods with in situ apoptosis detection kit on 6 micro meter paraffine section. The results obtained were as follows: 1. After IPC, immunoreactivities of Cu,Zn-SOD mainly in the small-sized fibers were increased by 24 hours, that of Mn-SOD at 0 hour and 24 hours. 2. No significant changes in immunoreactivities of SDO was observed in the pinacidil and in the glibenclamide treatment only groups, and in the ischemia only groups. 3. The immunoreactivities of the Cu,Zn-SOD were incresed in the ischemia after IPC groups and the ischemia and pinacidil treatment groups. 4. The immunoreactivities of the Cu,Zn-SOD in the IPC and ischemia after glibenclamide pretreantment groups were not increased except for the 12 hours reperfusion group. But, Mn-SOD immunoreactivities were incresed in to 0 hours, 12 hours and 24 hours after reperfusion. 5. In the control group, the IPC only groups, and the pinacidil treatment only groups, negative or trace apoptotic reactions were observed, but the positive apoptotic reaction occured in the glibenclamide treatment groups. 6. Moderate or many number of apoptosis were revealed in the ischemia groups, and also the IPC and ischemia after glibenclamide pretreatment group except for 12 hours and 24 hours after reperfusion. However, the incidence of apoptosis was decreased in the ischemia after IPC groups and in theischemia and pinacidil treatment groups. 7. There is a coincidence between the increase of Cu,Zn-SOD immunoreactivities and the decrease of apoptosis in thepresence of ischemia and reperfusion. These results suggest that the protective effects of ishemic preconditioing may related to the SOD activation, and the ischemic preconditioning decreases the apoptosis partially via K atp channel activation in timely reperfused rat skeletal muscle. It is also suggested that inhibition of apoptosis by IPC may related with the SOD activation.

The 102 farms received a positive result of the milk drug residue test were selected to investigate the reasons of drug residues in bulk milk. The most frequent causes of drug residues were milker or producer mistakes (28.4%), failure to observe withdrawal time (21.5%), and withholding milk from treated quarters only (19.6%). Milker or producer mistakes occurred high at the farms having a parlor system (4 cases out of 11 farms), and related to the inadequate records and marking of treated cows. The lack of knowledge on the absorption of antibiotic from treated quarters and its excretion from untreated quarters caused mainly withholding milk from treated quarters only. Among the 91 farms identified the cause of drug residues, most of the route of drug administration was intramammary infusion (81.3%), and mostly drug used for the treatment of cows was beta-lactam antibiotics (57.1%).

The regional distribution and relative frequency of the endocrine cells in the pancreas of the bean goose were investigated by immunohistochemical methods using 6 types of the specific antisera. Spindle shpaed serotonin-immunoreactive cells were detected in the exocrine portions. Spherical or spindle shpaed glucagon-immunoreactive cells were observed in the exocrine and dark and mammalian type islets. In the dark type islets, numerous cells were dispersed throughout whole islets but they were located in the peripheral regions of the mammalian type islets. No glucagon-immunoreactive cells were detected in light type islets. Round or spherical shpaed insulin-immunoreactive cells were observed in the exocrine and dark, light and mammalian type islets. They were observed in the exocrine regions with a few numbers. Extremely rare cells were detected in central portion of the dark type islets but moderate to numerous cells were found in the central regions of the mammalian and light type islets, respectively. Spherical or spindle shaped somatostatin-immunoreactive cells were observed in the exocrine and dark, light and mammalian type islets. A few single cells were detected in the exocrine portions. In the dark type islets, numerous cells were dispersed throughout whole islets but a few to moderate numbers of cells were located in the peripheral regions of the light and mammalian type islet. Moderate numbers of the bovine pancreatic polypeptide-immunoreactiv ecells were found in the exocrime portions with round, spherical or spindle shape. But no bovine Sp-1/chromogranin-immunoreactive cells were observed in this study.

A 4-year-old female American cocker spaniel was hospitalized with 6 months prolonged dermal problems in The Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital of Seoul National University. Initial noticed signs by owner of this dog were rashes and papules on ear part and they were spreaded whole body. On initial physical examinations, papules, pustules, crusts, and erythema were presented on whole body. Diameters of focal scaly and erythematous alopetic lesions were varied ranging 1 to 4cm. Skin scraping for detecting ectoparasites and wood's light examinations for dermatophyte were negative. Any bacteria were not detected but Malassezia pachydermatis was detected on cytological examination and fungal culture. The dog was treated with Itraconazole (5mg/kg, q12h) and Cephalexin (20mg/kg, q12h) orally and then bathed with 2% chlorhexidine shampoo twice per week for 5 weeks. From 12 weeks after starting therapy, all dermal problems were disappeared although some mild pyoderma were once relapsed. Regular chlorhexidine bathing treatment so far has been continued for preventing recurrence.

This study was undertaken to detemine the normal appearance of the postpartum uterine involution. Postpartum changes in uterine shape, architecture, echogenicity and diameter were monitored with ultrasonography in 11 Korea Jin-do dogs. Serial ultrasonographic examination was done daily during the first week, 3 days interval from 8 to 30 days, and weekly from 31 to 100 days postpartum, respectively. Of 11 postpartum bitches, 10 bitches(90.9%) had normal involution and 1 bitch (9.1%) had subinvolution of the placental sites (SIPS) by gross findings, vaginal discharges, and by ultrasographic findings, uterine shape and echogenicity. The excretory period of vaginal discharges in 10 normal bitches of uterine involution was finished completely at 20.2+_4.6 days(Mean+_SD) postpartum, but in 1 SIPS at 50 days postpartum. The short axis shape of the uterus was initially often flaccid-appearing. It varied from circular to crescent shaped to polygonal.This lasted until 16.5+_3.7 days postpartum, during which time the short axis uterine shape gradually changed to circular. Also, the long axis shape of the uterus was created a beaded appearance of the horns until 29.9+_3.2 days postpartum. After 30 days, it was appeared as tubular shape without distinguished between placental and interplacental sites. The ultrasonographic image of the postpartum uterus consisted of four echogenicity distinct layers. Ulterine wall was represented the very hyperechoic serosa, hypoechoic mycomtrium, hyperechoic endometrium and anechoic structures of fluid in the uterine cavity until 7 days postpartum. The individual uterine layers were most prominent during the first weeek postpartum,and they became progressively less distinct throughout the course of uterine involution. Anechoic structrues of fluid inthe uterinecavity was detected until 25.0+_6.4 days prostpartum, after which time it was not reliably detected. The uterine diameter was decreased not only in the placental sites from 24.1+_2.5mm at 1 day to 15.4+_1.4mm at 7 days postpartum, but also in the interplacental sites 14.9+_1.5mm at 1 day, 10.6+_0.8mm at 7 days postpartum. There was a general trend of decresing uterine diameter, whichoccurred more rapidly at the placental sites. At 31 days postpartum, these diameter reached almost same size, after that time, they could be not distinguished between placental and interplacental sites. At 87 days postpartum, the uterine diameter was 5.6+_0.6mm both placental and interplacental sites, and the uterine horns were uniform hypoechoic, tubular structures without enlargement. Therefore, complete involution of the uterus occurred at that time. It was concluded that normal postpartum uterine involution in Korea Jin-do bitches appeared to be completed around 87 days postpartum by gross findings such as vaginal discharges, and by ultrasonographic findings, uterine shape and echogenicity. Also ultrasonographic characteristics of the postpartum uterine involution were described. Therefore, these result suggest that ultrasonographic assessment is a reliable method for diagnosing the SIPS and uterine dysfunction, such as pyometra in bitch.

Previous studies suggested that the inhibition of thyroxine (T4) release by alpha1-adrenoceptor and muscarinic receptor stimulation results in activated protein kinase C (PKC) from mouse and guinea pig thyroids. In the present study, the effect of carbachol, methoxamine, phorbol myristate acetate (PMA), and R59022 on the release of T4 from the mouse, rat, and guinea pig thyroids was compared to clarify the role of PKC in the regulation of the release of T4. The thyroids were incubated in the medium containing the test agents, samples of the medium were assayed for T4 by EIA kits. Forskolin, an adenylate cyclase activator, chlorophenylthio-cAMP sodium, a membrane permeable analoge of cAMP, and isobutyl-methylxanthine, a phospho-diesterase inhibitor, like TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone), enhaced the release of T4 from the mouse, rat, and guinea pig thyroids. Methoxamine, an alpha1-adrenoceptor agonist, inhibited the TSH-stimulated release of T4 in mouse, but not rat and guinea pig thyroids. In contrast, carbachol, a muscarinic receptor agonist, inhibited the release of T4 in guinea pig, but not mouse and rat thyroids. These inhibition were reversed by prazosin, an alpha1-adrenoceptor antagonist or atropine, a muscarinic antagonist or M1- and M3- muscarinic antagonists, in mouse or guinea pig thyroids. In addition, staurosporine, a PKC inhibitor, reversed methoxamine or carbachol inhibition of TSH stimulation. Furthermore, PMA, a PKC activator, and R59022, a diacylglycerol (DAG) kinase inhibitor, inhibited the TSH-stimulated release of T4 in mouse, rat, and guinea pig thyroids. These inhibition were blocked by staurosporine. these findings suggest that the activation of receptor or DAG inhibits TSH-stimulated T4 release through a PKC-dependent mechanism in thyroid gland.

A four-year-old female Jindo dog was admitted to the hospital because of bilaterally symmetrical alopecia and inappentence. Systemic abnomalities detected on physical examination were obesity,bradycardia, exercise intolerance, mental dullness and hypothermia. Dermatologically symmetrical alopecia, exercise intolerance, mental dullness and hypothermia. Dermatologically symmetrical alopecia on the back, trunk and dorsal tail, and ventral hyperpigmentation were observed. Also face was very tragic. The level of basal T4 was 0.01 micro gram/dl. In TSH stimulation test fT4 value was 0.08ng/dl. After treatment was initiated with L-thyroxine the dog's general condition was improved at 4 weeks.

The present experiments were performed to examine the effects of acetylcholine (ACh) and carbachol (CC) on thyroxine (T4) release and any possible relation between inhibition of T4 relese and sighaling pathway in guinea pig thyroids. The thyroids were incubated in the medium containing the test agents, samples of the medium wer assayed for T4 by EIA kits. ACh and CC inhibited the TSH-stimulated T4 release. These inhibition were reversed by atropine, but not by d-tubocurarine. The ingibitory effects of ACh on T4 release were prevented by M1- and M3-muscarinic antagonists and its inhibition was also slightly reversed by M2- and M4- muscarinic antagonists. R59022, like ACh and CC, also inhibited the TSH-stimulated T4 release. This inhibition was reversed by protein kinase C inhibitor and Ca2+ channel blocker. The present study suggests that cholinergic inhibition of T4 release from thyroids can be induced mainly by ctivation of the M1- or M3-receptors and that it is mediated throught the muscarinic receptor-stimulated protein kinase C activation

The aim of these experiments was to investigate the effects of bovine oviduct epithelial cells(OEC) derived from different segments to bind sperm binding and maintain their motility in vitro. In experiment 1, the number of sperm attached to OEC derived from isthmus or ampulla, the motility of unattached sperm during co-culture and fertilizing ability were assessed. In experiment 2, heparin treated sperm 9hsp) or no treated sperm (nsp) were used to evaluate OEC binding ability ofcapacitated sperm. In experiment 1, regardless ofthier origin, approximately 65% of the sperm were attached to OEC within 2h. From 6h of co-culture, the numbers of unattached sperm on ampullary OEC were significantly higher than those on isthmic OEC (p0.005). From 12h of co-culture, the motility of unattached sperm on isthmic OEC were significantly higher than those on ampullary OEC(p0.05). The cleavage rate of oocytes inseminated on OEC derived from isthmic segment was also significantly higher than those from ampullary segment (p0.01). In experiment 2, the numbers of unattached hsp on OEC were significantly higher than those of controls(p0.01), between 2~24h examination. From 12h of co-culture, the motility of unattached nsp were sighificantly greater than those of hsp(p0.01). These results show that bovine OEC derived from the isthmus play more important role(s) for sperm binding, maintaining motility and fertilization in vitro than those from the ampulla, and heparin induced capacitation may change sperm binding ability on OEC in vitro.