The present study aimed to investigate the efficacy of three natural food supplements (water hyacinth [Eichhorniacrassipes, ''EC''], Yeast [Saccharomyces cerevisiae, ''S. cerevisiae''] and date seeds) on the reproductive and productive activities in male rats. Thus, 40 male albino rats were used and divided equally into 4 groups; Control group (fed normal basal diet), EC supplemented group (400 mg EC / kg body weight), S. cerevisiae supplemented group (120 mg / kg body weight) and date seed supplemented group (0.2 mg / kg body weight). Two months later, all rats were sacrificed and all samples were collected. Results revealed that date seeds supplementation increased significantly the body weight gain. Moreover, date seeds and S. cerevisiae supplementation increased significantly gonadosomatic index, serum levels of total antioxidant capacity TAC and all studied reproductive parameters P 0.05 as well as it decreased serum level of malondialdehyde ''MDA''. On the other side, EC supplementation reduced significantly the studied reproductive parameters as well as it decreased the serum level of TAC and increased the level of MDA. Histopathologicaly, seminiferous tubules appeared with huge amount of spermatids in date seeds group and with moderate number of spermatids in S. cerevisiae group and with few number of spermatids in EC group. Therefore, the present study highly recommends the usage of Saccharomyces cerevisiae as well as date seeds to minimize the ration costs, get the optimal benefit from the natural components of both supplements as well as to induce a higher productive and reproductive performance among animals.

The present study is an endeavor to explore the relationship between induced hormonal alterations and ovarian activity in female rats. Fifty mature cycling female Albino rats were left for one week for acclimatization and offered balanced diet and water ad libitum. Animals were daily examined by vaginal smears to determine regularity of the estrous cycle. Rats were equally divided into 5 groups; control, hyperglycemic, hypoglycemic, hypercorticosteroid and hypocorticosteroid. At the end of 3 cycles, individual sera were obtained to determine glucose, malondialdehyde (MDA), estradiol and progesterone levels. Moreover, tissue specimens of the ovaries and the Fallopian tube were taken for histopathological examination. Results showed that all hormonal treatments induced alterations in the cellular characteristics of the cycle. Gonadosomaic index (GSI) did not show any remarkable variation. Alloxan or insulin treatments affected significantly serum glucose level in rats as. On the other side, hypercorticism led to marked elevation of glucose while hypocorticism showed no significant effect. Serum MDA showed significant elevation only in hyperglycemic and hypocorticoid groups. Hypoglycemia led to a significant decrease in serum estradiol while other treatments had no effect. Upon progesterone, hypoglycemia resulted in an increased level of the hormone while other treatments led to reduced levels of the hormone. It was evident that abnormalities of the adrenal corticosteroids and / or pancreatic insulin levels are concomitant with irregular estrous cycle as well as ovarian and Fallopian tube alterations which led to deviated gonadal folliculogenesis and steroidogenesis.

Presently neither the specification of rumen cannula for small ruminants is reported nor is it commercially available in Egyptian market. Therefore, fabrication of ruminal cannula for sheep and surgical procedure for its implantation are described in this paper. The device was adapted to allow sampling of entire ruminal contents via cannulas with different diameters, which tightly sealed within ruminal fistula to ensure cleaner, achieve easier nursing of operated animals, and maintain more normal ruminal environment. The ruminal cannula was applied into the sheep by one-stage operation. It has been successfully used in 11 ram (3-5 year-old) for 16 months without problems and caused no complications.

The efficacy of four infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) vaccines including intermediate (D78) and intermediate plus (228E, IBD-Blen and Bursa-Vac+) were compared in priming vaccination of 10 days commercial old male layer chicks. There were different parameters were measured for testing these vaccines including; the immunogenic efficacy, the effect on performance, organ (bursa, spleen, and proventriculus) body weight index as well as histopathological examination of bursa, spleen, proventriculus and thymus. Chick was received a dose of 102 EID50 from one IBDV vaccine out of 228E, IBD-Blen or Bursa-Vac+, while D78 dose was 104 EID50. The results cleared out that all the tested vaccines passed through the maternal derived antibodies 2480.133 + 156.3. All vaccines stimulate antibody formation as measured by ELISA test. The used vaccines not affect markedly body weight and feed intake, as there were no significant differences between the control group and the vaccinated ones in the mean body weight and the feed conversion rate. Furthermore, the bursa: body weight index of vaccinated groups were generally less than those of control one at all intervals, while the spleen and proventriculus: spleen: body weight index of vaccinated groups was higher than control on at the end of the observation period. The used vaccines induced histopathological changes in bursa, spleen , proventriculus and thymus glands. These results indicated that all tested vaccine are of value in vaccination of commercial chicks from vaccinated breeders

An identified local virulent Egyptian strain of turkey pox virus (TPV) was attenuated on specific pathogen free (SPF) embryonated chicken eggs (ECE) for production of specific turkey pox vaccine. Forty serial passages of the virus were applied on the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) of SPF ECE, so titration of the serial passages were undergone in which the highest titres (107.0, 107.1 and 107.1 EID50/ml) were recorded for the passages 30, 35 and 40, respectively. The pathogenicity of the 10th, 20th, 30th and 40th passages were tested by inoculation in susceptible turkeys. The passage of 30th and 40th passages produced the most acceptable post vaccinal reaction (pvr) beside giving the highest virus titre of the attenuated passages. The selected field dose which gave only takes (swelling of the skin) at the site of injection in susceptible turkeys and withstood challenge with the virulent turkey pox virus one month later was 104.0 EID50/ml. The prepared vaccine tested for sterility, safety and potency tests and proved to be potent for the vaccinated turkeys which resisted the challenge for 9 months post vaccination. Antibody levels in the serum of vaccinated turkeys were estimated by serum neutralization test, where neutralizing antibodies expressed as neutralizing index were appeared from the 1st week (1.0 NI) and reached its peak on the 3rd week (2.2 NI) post vaccination

Three adult female cormorants, Phalacrocorax carbo, were found dead in Qena province, Egypt in December 2016. They were immediately sent to the Laboratory in Faculty of Science, South Valley University, Egypt, for necropsy. Apparently, the birds had no gross lesions or suffered from injured or damaged tissue. Complete evisceration of internal organs was performed, and birds were subjected to a full parasitological examination for the detection of helminths. Helminthiasis was only detected in the gastrointestinal tracts. Among the recovered helminths, three trematodes, one tapeworm, and three nematode species were found. Digeneans were identified as Clinostomum complanatum (n=3; at the first part of the oesophagus), Ribeiroia ondatrae (n=2; at the middle part of the oesophagus), and Paryphostomum radiatum (n=3; in the small intestine). The revealed cestodes species (n=one; in the small intestine) were identified as Paradilepsis scolecina. Lastly, the recovered nematodes (n=3; in the stomach) were identified as Contracaecum rudolphii, Contracaecum microcephalum, and Contracaecum chubutensis. It was noted that mixed infection of all helminth species was found in a single bird. Moreover, another bird also presented with mixed infection of Contracaecum spp. and digeneans. Histopathological examination revealed leucocytic infiltration surrounding the embedded digeneans, hyperplasia of the proventricular wall, as well as necrosis with remnants of degenerated trematodes. To the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the first study revealing Clinostomum complanatum, Ribeiroia ondatrae, Paryphostomum radiatum, Paradilepsis scolecina, Contracaecum rudolphii, Contracaecum microcephalum, and Contracaecum chubutensis in the great cormorant, Phalacrocorax carbo, in Egypt.

Escherichia coliare the most common cause of diarrhea in calves. Diarrhea incalvesremains one of the most important problems faced by livestock, causing greateconomic losses. Some strains ofE. coli characterized by the presence of specificvirulence factors including haemolysin production, resistance to bactericidal effectsof serum and Congo red binding activity. In this studyfecal samples were collectedfrom 115 diarrheic calves aged from 3 days to one year and from different localitiesin Egypt along the period from February to August 2015.The prevalence of E. coliin diarrheic calves was 72.2%. 39.8% of isolated E. coli were haemolytic to sheepblood agar, 68.7% were serum resistant, 100% showed Congo red binding activity.

The objective of the current study was to present baseline data on themorphology and surface architecture of the oviduct in adult female Balady duckgrossly and by using scanning electron microscope (SEM). Fifteen apparentlyhealthy adult female Balady ducks were used which weighted (2-4 kg). Twobirds were formalized while the other birds were used in the fresh state fordissection then careful evisceration of the oviduct. For SEM five of the latterwere used immediately after immersion in saline. Our data anatomicallyrevealed that infundibulum had funnel and tubular parts, magnum was highlyconvoluted pale white or creamy color, less convoluted isthmus, dilated uterusand S-shape spiral vagina. The inner wall of the duct contains longitudinalfolds in the first four parts while the vagina showed transverse thick folds. colorof the mucosa was reddish in infundibulum, magnum and isthmus whilegreenish brown in color in the uterus and whitish yellow in the vagina. SEMshowed primary and secondary folds allover the oviduct which became morethicker in the uterus and carrying tertiary folds in the vagina.

In this study, neutralizing antibody response in Guinea pigs and mice inoculated by African horse sickness (AHS) bivalent inactivated oil adjuvant vaccine was similar when compared serologically with that in horse. Therefore, using G. pigs and mice may be a method of great value in potency test for routine immunization. Potency test of the prepared vaccine using an immunization challenge protocol in adult mice was studied, using challenge virus with 100, 50 and 25 LD50. The highest protection level (95%) was with the dilution of 50 LD50/0.05 ml