Anthrax is one of the most important diseases that can be transmitted from cattle to humans, especially in countries with a high density of cattle. Cattle are usually infected by the ingestion of Bacillus anthracis spores with food ingredients. For that reason, the adequacy of anthrax spores in the soil is considered as one of the causes of anthrax in cattle. The present study is based on the identification of anthrax spores in the soil and the development of a map based on the presence of spores, so that the people of the community can take a practical step in this regard in selecting the place for their cattle to graze. For this purpose, soil samples were collected from the studied areas. After extraction of soil DNA with DNA extraction kits, all samples were tested using a qualitative detection method. For a rapid and reliable qualitative detection system for Pathogenic B. anthracis spores isolated from soil samples, the specific primer of two plasmids, pXO1 (gene Pag), pXO2 (genes Cap), and S-layer locus (gene Sap) were used. The presence of spores was found in 7 out of 50 samples. The results of a qualitative detection method of Bacillus anthracis spores in the pastureland inserted as per their GPS coordinates. Based on the presence of pathogenic anthrax spore in a specific location, a map was then prepared and displayed in the community. So that the cattle owners can decide where their cattle will graze and be careful to prevent spore contact of their animal. Among the various effective anthrax prevention measures, rich mapping according to the presence of spores can be helpful in community level that will protect people from anthrax disease in the future.

The zebra-snout seahorse, Hippocampus barbouri, is an economically important marine fish and a potential candidate for aquaculture in Thailand. However, the reproductive ultrastructure of this seahorse is still poorly known. Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) was used to characterize cellular morphology and ultrastructure of gametogenic stages in both sexes of H. barbouri. Based on morphology of the nucleus and unique characteristics of cytoplasmic organelles, oocytes in the oogenesis process of H. barbouri was classified into three distinct phases: primary growth phase (PG), secondary growth phase (SG) and atretic oocyte phase (AO). The early PG oocytes contained multiple nucleoli in close proximity to the nuclear membrane, showing the formation of cortical alveoli. The cytoplasm of late PG oocytes contained two distinctive cellular structures including lipid droplets and cortical alveoli and was enriched in rough endoplasmic reticulum, ribosome and mitochondria. The follicular complex complelety covered the oocyte at this phase and was classified into four distinct layers including zona pellucida, granulosa cells, basement membrane and theca cells. The yolk-granule formation was firstly observed in the early SG oocytes with well-developed microvilli in the zona pellucida and granulosa cells. During the late SG, the single-layered zona pellucida and the granulosa cells were well-organized. The dilated smooth endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria were clearly visible in the granulosa cells. The AO oocytes exhibited disorganization of follicular complex. In male H. barbouri, spermatogonia and Sertoli-like cells occupied periphery of the germinal epithelium; however, the spermatocytes and spermatozoa were not observed in the germinal epithelium, possibly due to unique testis characteristics at this stage, season of the samples or aquaculture conditions. Taken together, this study unraveled characteristics of sexual differentiation in the zebra-snout seahorse and would provide benefit to monitor reproductive success of seahorse under aquaculture.

Spore-forming bacteria are a group of bacteria can form spore and they grow aerobically and anaerobically as Bacilli and Clostridia spp. This group of bacteria has public health hazards and economic loss significance. This study was designed to determine the prevalence of spore-forming bacteria isolated from marketable milk and some dairy products as pasteurized milk, UHT milk, milk powder, and baby food (30 samples of each). The samples were purchased randomly from different dairy shops, supermarkets, and pharmacies in Assiut Governorate, Egypt. Bacillus cereus was detected in 23.33, 13.33, 6.66, 13.33, and 10% from marketable milk, pasteurized milk, UHT milk, milk powder, and baby food, respectively. While, Clostridium perfringens was recovered in 20, 6.66, 0, 3.33 and 0%, respectively. This study concluded that there is a need for hygienic measures must be applied in the milk and dairy products production and manufacture to minimize the possibility of entering the spore-forming bacteria in these products.

An 8-year-old Boston terrier was brought to Kitasato University Veterinary Teaching Hospital with chief complaints of swelling in the vicinity of the right rear mammary gland, lethargy, and anorexia. The results of various examinations suggested a juxta-mammary abscess, resection of which led to the diagnosis of an irreducible inguinal hernia. The hernial sac contained pyometra of both uterine horns and ovaries. The uterus and ovaries were removed without having to make another incision in the abdominal wall. The postoperative course has been uneventful.

Spleen occupies an effective immunological role in mammals especially economic animals like water buffalo. Regardless of that, not literature points attention to immune cells homing buffalo spleen. This study sheds light on the distributional panel of T lymphocyte in water buffalo as a framework to easily diagnose any alteration in spleen composition that may refer to immunological disorders. Twenty spleens of both sexes, 3.0 ±0.5 years and 400.0 ±50.0 kgs were selected randomly from apparently healthy animals. Tissues were subjected to T cell antibodies via applying immunohistochemistry staining protocol. Quantitative analysis of the distribution of these antibodies was assessed by image J program. Area percentage of each antibody was evaluated by aid of R- program. CD3 was expressed for all T lymphocytes, while CD4, CD8, and CD45RO referred to a helper, cytotoxic, and memory T cells, respectively. Expression of CD3+, CD4+, and CD8+ cells was high in the periarterial lymphatic sheath, red pulp, and marginal zone with a significant area % difference than lymph nodule. Unlikely, CD45RO+ expression gained insignificant area %.  Most likely the obtained findings will give a reference scheme for T lymphocyte in buffalo spleen. This research presented a quantitative analysis to the distribution of distinct types of T lymphocyte in normal splenic tissue of water buffalo species.

Psoriasis is an immune-mediated inflammatory disease exploiting the skin which is triggered by many possible factors concerning the epidermal keratinocytes and autoimmune cells. To study psoriasis in vivo, imiquimod (IMQ) topical application is used as it is a ligand of TLR7 in mouse to induce an acute psoriatic murine model. In obtaining the expected outcomes, one must understand the fundamental procedures to successfully initiate psoriasis in mouse. As IMQ is an acute psoriasis model inducer, it has been proposed that the condition can be progressed up to seven days after application. Aldara cream containing 5% imiquimod and Vaseline as its control was topically applied for seven days consecutively on the shaved back of the BALB/c mice. Modified Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI) score was used to score the inflammation severity of the induced area. The exacerbation of the diseased skin in the mouse was seen to be more severe as it developed. The increasing PASI score of the psoriatic mouse from 2 to 7 by days suggested that psoriasis establishment had made evidence which consists of progressed erythema, skin thickening and scaling. The spleen in the psoriatic mouse portrayed splenomegaly in a gross observation compared to the control spleen. Hence, using this method with such dosage further agrees that it is the most suitable dosage and can provide a good immunological framework for establishing psoriasis in vivo.

Coat color in cattle is highly variable. In recent years there has been a tendency to distinguish animals of different breeds by invariable coat colors and pattern in order to maintain a uniformity of appearance specific for each breed. Three hundred crossbred male calves from a commercial herd belonging to the Rations and Fattening Unit, Faculty of Agriculture, Alexandria University, Egypt, were used in this study to assess the possible relationship between coat color and the growth capacity of fattening crossbred calves. Animals were grouped according to color patterns into full black (FBL), white with black spots (WBS) and brown (BRN) groups of 100 calves each. Body weight and five body measurements on these animals were recorded monthly to test the effect of coat color on growth performance and, thereafter, 30 bulls (10 ̸group) were slaughtered to evaluate carcass characteristics. The results revealed that coat color affected calves body weight, but not did of the studied body measurements. FBL and WBS had heavier weights than BRN. Slaughter weight, hot and cold carcass weights and fore quarters weights was the highest for WBS calves. Longissimus dorsi muscle weight and non-carcass components showed no differences among coat color patterns.

Staphylococcus species colonises humans and animals and is a major food contaminant with public health significance. Here, we assessed the occurrence of methicillin-resistant staphylococci (MRS) in the pig-production chain in Ibadan, Nigeria. Nares of 120 pigs and 10 farmers were sampled with sterile swabs whilst 54 pork samples were collected from a retail slaughterhouse. Staphylococcus species were isolated using enrichment, cefoxitin–aztreonam selective broth and Mannitol salt agar. Isolates were tested for susceptibility to cefoxitin (30 μg), oxacillin (1 μg) and vancomycin (30 μg). Methicillin-resistant staphylococci isolates were characterised using conventional biochemical tests. From 184 samples, 364 staphylococcal isolates were obtained. Amongst the 54 pork samples, 44.0% were contaminated with Staphylococcus species. Overall, 9 (2.5%) MRS were obtained and presumptively identified as Staphylococcus xylosus (n = 3), Staphylococcus sciuri (n = 3), Staphylococcus warneri (n = 2) and Staphylococcus cohnii (n = 1). There was no relationship between the prevalence of MRS between pigs and pig handlers in the farms, but Farm 2 had the highest frequency of 66.7% (p 0.05). Piglets had the highest prevalence of 66.7% (p 0.05) whilst MRS was absent in workers and pork samples. This study raises concerns about the cross-contamination of staphylococci in the food chain. Constant surveillance is imperative to ensure food safety.

This study was carried out to investigate the resistance phenotypes and resistance genes of Escherichia coli from swine in Guizhou, China. A total of 47 E. coli strains isolated between 2013 and 2018 were tested using the Kirby–Bauer (K–B) method to verify their resistance to 19 common clinical antimicrobials. Five classes consisting of 29 resistance genes were detected using polymerase chain reaction. The status regarding extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) and the relationship between ESBL CTX-M-type β-lactamase genes and plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) genes were analysed. A total of 46 strains (97.9%) were found to be multidrug resistant. Amongst them, 27 strains (57.4%) were resistant to more than eight antimicrobials, and the maximum number of resistant antimicrobial agents was 16. Twenty antibiotic resistance genes were detected, including six β-lactamase genes blaTEM (74.5%), blaCTX-M-9G (29.8%), blaDHA (17.0%), blaCTX-M-1G (10.6%), blaSHV (8.5%), blaOXA (2.1%), five aminoglycoside-modifying enzyme genes aac(3′)-IV (93.6%), aadA1 (78.7%), aadA2 (76.6%), aac(3′)-II c (55.3%), aac(6′)-Ib (2.1%) and five amphenicol resistance genes floR (70.2%), cmlA (53.2%), cat2 (10.6%), cat1 (6.4%), cmlB (2.1%), three PMQR genes qnrS (55.3%), oqxA (53.2%), qepA (27.7%) and polypeptide resistance gene mcr-1 (40.4%). The detection rate of ESBL-positive strains was 80.9% (38/47) and ESBL TEM-type was the most abundant ESBLs. The percentage of the PMQR gene in blaCTX-M-positive strains was high, and the detection rate of blaCTX-M-9G was the highest in CTX-M type. It is clear that multiple drug resistant E. coli is common in healthy swine in this study. Extended-spectrum β-lactamase is very abundant in the E. coli strains isolated from swine and most of them are multiple compound genotypes.

In 2067 dairy farms in developing countries will be modernized and automated systems will replace much of the manual labour on farms. Traditionally, livestock management decisions have been based on almost entirely on observations, judgement, and experience of the farmer. However, such manual systems are inherently subjective, labour intensive, time consuming, invasive and unreliable. Today technology-oriented approaches are widely in use in animal agriculture. New data obtained using fast, real time, and affordable objective measures are becoming more readily available to aid farm level monitoring, awareness, and decision making. Computer vision technology and image analysis, digital twins, artificial intelligence, sensors, big data, and machine learning are a game changer in the livestock industry. This review aims at highlighting the main areas where digital technologies for improved animal monitoring and welfare are most applicable in dairy animals. In particular, body condition scoring, lameness detection, mastitis diagnosis, oestrus detection and pregnancy diagnosis. The environmental sustainability of digital technologies is also discussed. The application of technology offers new possibilities to realize food safety and quality, efficient and sustainable animal farming, healthy animals, guaranteed wellbeing and acceptable environmental impact of livestock production.