BACKGROUND: Antibacterial drug use in food producing animals, in addition to the very beneficial effects on the prevention, treatment, and control of infectious diseases, can lead to health risks including microbial resistance and drug residues. This survey was conducted due to the lack of information on the status of antibacterial drug use in dairy farms of Qom province. OBJECTIVES: To study the usage pattern of antibacterial drugs and compliance with public health- related measures in dairy cattle farms in Qom province. METHODS: In this study, 100 dairy herds were surveyed in three areas of Qom province including the southern part (Kahak), West (Jafar-abad and Khalajestan) and central part (Qom and the suburbs) using a questionnaire and direct interview. RESULTS: Injectable oxytetracycline, tylosin, penicillin + streptomycin were the most frequently used antibacterial products in dairy farms of Qom province (94%, 89% and 87%, respectively). A range of other antibacterial drugs showed high percentages of usage, as well. Among the 9 intramammary products, Tetranebalon®/Mastijet Forte® and Linconeocin MC® with 50% and 40% of frequency were the most commonly used products. Also, in a significant percentage of dairy farms, the milk collected from livestock treated with antibacterial drugs for mastitis (35%) or other illnesses (41%) was introduced into the milk reservoirs to be used in humans. CONCLUSIONS: In Qom province, there was an overuse of antibacterial drugs and high percentage of dairy farm units that did not follow the principles of rational drug therapy and the withdrawal times of milk and meat. This could be due to inadequate awareness of livestock workers regarding the public health implications of using these drugs and insufficient monitoring of veterinary authority in the province.

BACKGROUND: Colony Collapse Disorder is a mysterious phenomenon in which worker bees abruptly disappear from a beehive. Objectives: The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of CCD and its relation to climate and Nosema spp infections. Methods: This Cross sectional study was done from April to September 2016. With respect to different climatic zones of the country, a total of 183 ‎apiaries were selected. In each apiary, 5 percent of the colonies were ‎randomly sampled. Adult bee samples were then examined for the presence of Nosema infections using PCR. Data were analyzed by Chi-square using SPSS version 21.0. Results: The results showed the prevalence of colony collapse disorder in the studied apiaries at 26.8%. The CCD prevalence was ‎20.5% in ‎humid, ‎16.1% in semi humid‎, ‎22.7% in very humid, 38.2% in arid, ‎43.8% in semi-‎arid and ‎16% in Mediterranean conditions. Comparing CCD phenomenon in different climatic regions, there were significant differences (P<0.05). The prevalence of Nosema ceranae infection was 85 (46.4%), however, infection with Nosema apis was not observed in the samples either in pure form or as ‎associated infection. There was no statistical significant difference between symptomatic and asymptomatic apiaries with colony collapse disorder in terms of presence or absence of N.ceranea (P>0.05).  Conclusions: The results suggest that climate could influence the prevalence of Colony Collapse Disorder. It may be due to different foraging resources in under studied area. According to findings of this study it seems that N.ceranea alone cannot be the cause for CCD. Further studies are needed to clarify the interactions between climate and other possible causes.

BACKGROUND: Toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular protozoon with worldwide distribution that infects human and a wide spectrum of warm- blooded animals. OBJECTIVES: The aim of the study is to survey the prevalence of T.gondii antibody in slaughtered livestock in slaughterhouse with modified agglutination test in Sanandaj in 2015. Methods: Totally 343 serum samples were collected from 130 cows, 111 sheep and 102 goats from May to July 2015 in Sanandaj slaughterhouse. Sera were examined with modified agglutination test (MAT) for T.gondii antibody and 1.40 titer antibody and above was considered as positive. Results: Antibodies of T.gondii were found in sera of 51 out of 343 (15.45%) samples. From 51 seropositive sera, 13 cows (23.84), 13 goats (12.74%) and 9 sheep (8.1%) were infected. The differences among species were statistically significant (P≥.002). Conclusions: Results indicate that T. gondii in sheep, goats and especially cows is prevalent, so consumption of undercooked meats should be avoided, also the prevention methods of infection should be taught to the people and due to the possibility of limitations in the results of serological tests, repetition of the study using molecular techniques is recommended

BACKGROUND: The consumption of probiotics in aquaculture is constantly growing due to the numerous benefits conferred on the fish health. Degradation of probiotics in gastrointestinal tract is one of the most important challenges in probiotic efficacy. Encapsulating of probiotics within a physical barrier has been found to increase probiotic viability in fish gastrointestinal tract. Objectives: In this study the effect of encapsulation of Lactobacillus plantarum with alginate/chitosan nano particles in in vitro situation and their effects in Huso huso were evaluated. Methods: Firstly, in vitro probiotic potential including: pH and bile resistance, gastrointestinal juice tolerance was evaluated. Then effects of encapsulated probiotic were evaluated in Huso huso. 480 juvenile H. huso were randomly divided into four treatments in triplicates. Fish in T1 were fed with alginate/chitosan enriched free probiotic diet, T2 received encapsulated Lactobacillus plantarum, T3 received bacteria without any encapsulation and T4 received basic diet as a control group. All treatments were fed with experimental diets for 60 days and study lasted for 15 days with control diet in all fish. Fish samples were taken on days 30, 60 and 75 and bio chemically compared among the treatments. Results: Results of first phase of study showed that mostly all probiotic properties of encapsulated bacteria were more appropriate than control treatment (P<0.05). Encapsulation of bacteria in both procedures enhanced almost all immunological parameters compared to control treatment (P<0.05). Higher Ca and Mg of plasma were observed in fish fed with Lactobacillus plantarum nano/microencapsulated and alginate/chitosan at day 30 and 60, whereas decreased TRI of plasma was observed in fish fed with Lactobacillus plantarum nano/microencapsulated at day 30. Conclusions: It can be concluded that nano encapsulation of Lactobacillus plantarum with alginate/chitosan not only improved in vitro probiotic effects of L. plantarum, but also it can increase Biochemical parameters of H. huso and could improve the positive performance of probiotics activity.

BACKGROUND: Antioxidant compounds and unsaturated fatty acids play an important role in improving the immune response and intestinal microflora in broiler chickens. Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of different sources of antioxidant and soybean and rapeseed oils on humoral immune responses, intestinal microflora and some of the blood parameters of broiler chicken. Methods: A total of 480 male broiler chicks (Ross 308) were randomly allocated in a factorial arrangement (2×5) based on a completely randomized design with 10 treatments and 4 replicates during 42 days of age. Experimental factors consisted of different sources of antioxidant (rosemary, thymus and satureja essential oils at level of 300 ppm and vitamin E at concentration 200 mg/kg and without antioxidant) and vegetable oils (soybean and rapeseed oils at concentration of 4 percent of diet). Immune characteristics and intestinal microflora population were evaluated. Results: The use of different soybean and rapeseed oils had no significant effect on antibody titer (P>0.05) but the use of antioxidants improved immune responses against Newcastle disease (P<0.01). Also, the use of rosemary, thymus and satureja essential oils increased serum level of blood high density lipoprotein and reduced blood low density lipoprotein (P<0.001).  Furthermore, the concentrations of cholesterol and triglyceride increased in without  antioxidant treatment (P<0.001).Also, use of antioxidant treatments caused significant decrease of heterophil to lymphocyte ratio (P<0.05), then these result are consistent with the immune response against Newcastle disease. Furthermore, escherichia coli to lactic acid bacteria ratio increased in rosemary and thymus essential oils treatments compared with without antioxidant treatment (P<0.05). Conclusions:The use of dietary soybean and rapeseed oils did not have a significant effect on different traits of broiler chicken, but adding dietary antioxidants improved immune responses and intestinal microflora and in between different antioxidants, the use of essential oils compared with vitamin E  induced significant improvement of traits.

BACKGROUND: As regards the role of the hind limb in propulsion, it is obvious that the tarsus forms a powerful center movement, it begins upon the point of the hock that the powerful extensor muscles which propel the body exert much of their energy. Tarsus injuries of water buffalo are the commonest limb joint disorders. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to an access accurate detailed osteology and radiology of tarsus Khuzestan river buffaloes. METHODS: Ten joints of the five water buffaloes aged approximately two to three years were obtained from Ahvaz abattoir. In addition, the ten normal tarsal joints of five water buffaloes referred to the clinic of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine were examined radiographically. Radiographic examination was performed in dorsoplantar, lateromedial, dorsolateral-plantaromedial oblique and plantarolateral-dorsomedial oblique, and flexed lateral projections. RESULTS: Unlike the dromedary camel, the general configuration of river buffalo tarsal bones and cow shares many similarities; however, there are concrete differences between buffalo and ox on the shape and extension of articular surfaces of tarsal bones. Unlike the ox, the metatarsal sesamoid bone was not noted radiographically in water buffalo, similar to that in horse and dromedary camel. The dorsoplantar view was optimal for the evaluation of articular surfaces and joint spaces of tarsocrural as well as the intratarsal joints. The dorsoplantar view was the best for evaluation of joint spaces of tarsocrural as well as the intratarsal joints, the lateromedial view for talocalcaneal joint, the dorsolateral-plantaromedial view for medial aspect of the tarsocrural joint, and the plantarolateral-dorsomedial view for the plantar aspect of the sustentaculum tali and the lateral trochlea of the talus. CONCLUSIONS: The normal appearance of bony structures of tarsus described in this study provided basic reference data for radiographic investigations of the water buffalo tarsal disorders. ___________________________________

Different species of Panicum have been reported as a cause of photosensitization in sheep, horses, cattle and goats. P. miliaceum grows across different regions of Iran. This plant may contain toxic levels of hepatotoxic steroidal sapogenins. Sapogenins are metabolized in animals to glucuronide conjugates of epsimilagenin which are crystallized in bile, leading to biliary blockage, cholangitis and secondary photosensitization. An outbreak of poisoning was observed in a flock of 170 fat-tailed sheep grazing on pasture of proso millet (P. miliaceum) in Birjand, South Khorasan province of Iran. Affected animals showed tachycardia and tachypnea. Anorexia, reduced rate and amplitude of ruminal movements up to ruminal stasis were observed. Severe head swelling and marked icterus in mucous membranes were observed. Seven affected sheep died. Serum biochemical parameters were analyzed. Marked elevation of BUN, total bilirubin, and the activities of GGT and high level of Ca2+ were observed in comparison with normal ranges. High levels of GGT activity indicates biliary lesions and BUN elevation in serum is probably due to renal failure and both are consistent with exposure to P. miliaceum

Nowadays, with the development of new technologies, improved and progressed methods have been taken to diagnose, treat and prevent cancers. Pathologic study and some molecular methods have been helpful in diagnosing and predicting cancer but these methods are not enough in many cases. Omics technology investigates many parts of cells such as genes, proteins, transcripts, and metabolites simultaneously. This procedure provides a more real and general feature of cellular processes, especially in cancer cells.    In human, Omics technology is widely used to diagnose and treat various cancers and predict  prognosis of tumors and survival of patients. In parallel to the studies of cancers in human, similar investigations were conducted in the canine cancers. Regarding the importance of Omics method in oncology, we described various Omics techniques including genomics, transcriptomics, and proteoimcs. In addition, corresponding studies carried out in different canine cancers were summarized in the next step.

BACKGROUND: Ticks are important ectoparasites in ruminants which cause economic losses in animal husbandry of Iran and worldwide. OBJECTIVES: This study was aimed to determine geographic distribution, frequency and species diversity of hard ticks in domestic ruminants in Ilam province, Iran. METHODS: A total of 445 domestic ruminants (139 cattle, 162 sheep, 144 goats) from 120 flocks of 30 villages in north and south parts of Ilam province were randomly selected and examined in summer 2015. The ixodid ticks were collected from body surface of examined animals and identified. RESULTS: Of all examined ruminants, 44.6% cattle, 51.23% sheep, and 52.08% goats were infested with a total number of 1209 unfed ixodid ticks. The highest prevalence of hard ticks was found in 2-3 year-old female cattle (15.55%), 1-2 year-old female sheep (19.75%) and less than 1 year-old female goats (17.36%) in the region. The highest prevalence was found in 2-3 year-old female cattle (37.1%), 1-2 year-old ewes (38.55%) and less than 1 year-old kids (33.33%). There was significant difference between prevalence and different age groups of infested sheep and cattle. Of 1209 collected ixodid ticks, tick indices (tick number per animal) were 6.1, 5.9 and 4.5 in cattle, sheep, and goats, respectively. The highest infestation in cattle (17 flocks, 14.1%), sheep (13 flocks, 10.8%) and goats (14 flocks, 11.6%) was respectively found in north, south and southern parts of the region. The highest tick aggregation was found for ears in cattle (31.13%), sheep (34.41%) and goats (28.9%). Of all examined ticks (1209), two genera including Hyalomma (37.62%) and Rhipicephalus (62.38%) with seven, seven, and six species in cattle, sheep, and goats were respectively identified. The predominant infesting ticks were R. sanguineus (22.16% in cattle) from north (11.31%) and H. anatolicum anatulicum (21.8% in sheep and 24.77% in goats) from south (15.49% and 13.42%) part of the province. CONCLUSIONS: The results revealed that species diversity and frequency of ixodid ticks were prevalent in domestic ruminants of different parts of Ilam province.

BACKGROUND: Parasitic helminthic diseases are one of the most common diseases of humans and animals that threaten the health of human societies. Nowadays, different methods are used for recovery of eggs parasites from soil samples. Therefore, in order to reduce the amount of mistakes caused by the artifacts (waste and disposable materials for diagnostic purposes), it is necessary to design and use a special device to collect more accurately the eggs of helminthic parasites. OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to design and use a rapid method for collecting different Toxocara spp. eggs in order to determine the prevalence of soil contamination. METHODS: In this study, for recovery of Toxocara parasite eggs from collected soil samples, a sieve screen was used with plastic body (polyvinyl chloride compressed plastics) in a cylindrical shape with a mesh of 150 µm (can be changed), as well as the cap and holder,for the use of modified sucrose flotation method to isolate and identify Toxocara species eggs. RESULTS: In the current study, single cell, multicellular, and infective Toxocara eggs were recovered from collected soil samples. The results of prevalence of Toxocara eggs in collected soil specimens showed that 38.5% (CI: 95%, 32.03-45.40%) were recovered using vertical sieve screening and using the traditional technique and flotation method 21.5% (CI: 95%, 16.37-27.70%) were recovered, which showed a significant difference between the two groups (P˂0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Compared to the conventional and standard sucrose flotation method, using the sieve screen in addition to recovery of Toxocara parasite, it can be used in epidemiological studies to investigate the presence of eggs of nematode parasites such as Ascaris lumbricoides and Trichocephalus, as well as other eggs of zoonotic helminths in soil samples, and the percentage of true egg parasites in the soil samples in epidemiological studies.