The widespread use of parabens has led to their accumulation in aquatic environments. This study examined the effects of methylparaben on rainbow trout, dividing 96 fish into control and treatment groups (1 mg/L, 5 mg/L, and 8 mg/L). Results showed dose-dependent weight loss, altered hepatosomatic indices, increased serum urea, uric acid, and Malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, and decreased Glutathione Peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity. Histopathological analysis revealed liver and kidney abnormalities in treated groups, including hepatocyte degeneration, proliferation in the bile duct, glomerular atrophy, reduced haematopoietic tissue, increased melanomacrophage centres, necrosis and fibrosis.Contribution: These findings highlight methylparaben’s toxic effects, emphasising the need for stricter regulations and further research to safeguard aquatic ecosystems and understand its impact on aquatic organisms.

Objective: This study investigates the effects of dietary nano-zinc (ZnNPs), probiotics(P), and their combined use such as growth promoters, antibacterial agents, and organic antioxidants on the growth performance, carcass characteristics, blood biochemistry, meat quality, and cecal microbiota of broiler chicks. Materials and Methods: The trial was conducted from 7 to 35 days of age using a randomized complete trial design with 240 unsexed Ross 308 chicks (initial body weight 104.37 ± 0.16 gm). The chicks were allocated into four treatment groups, each containing 60 chicks, with six replicates (4×6×10). The treatments were as follows: a control group fed a standard diet and three experimental groups receiving diets supplemented with ZnNPs(3.0 cm³/kg), probiotics (P, 2.0 cm³/ kg), or a combination of ZnNPs + P (3.0 + 2.0 cm³/kg). Results: The study revealed that ZnNPs and probiotics exhibited significant antibacterial activity against harmful bacteria and mold, effectively suppressing microbial growth at concentrations ranging from 50 to 95 µg/ml. The inclusion of ZnNPs and probiotics in the diets resulted in improved growth performance, with a higher body weight compared to the control group (p < 0.05). All carcass characteristics were positively influenced by the treatments, showing significant improvements compared to the control group (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) were significantly reduced in the ZnNPs and probiotics-treated groups, suggesting enhanced antioxidant activity (p < 0.05). Blood biochemical indicators, including immunoglobulin concentrations, were higher in the treated groups, pointing to an improved immune response. The meat quality of the broilers also significantly improved in terms of texture, juiciness, and tenderness. Additionally, the number of harmful cecal microorganisms decreased in the supplemented groups, leading to a healthier gut microbiota and overall improved animal health. Conclusion: The study shows that dietary supplementation with ZnNPs and probiotics has a positive impact on broiler growth, carcass traits, meat quality, blood parameters, and microbial status. These results suggest that incorporating ZnNPs and probiotics into broiler diets can be an effective strategy for enhancing productivity, meat quality, and overall health status, ultimately improving the sustainability of poultry production systems. J. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res., 12(1): 19–32, March 2025 http://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2025.l868

Objective: This study aimed to compare two approaches to the brachial plexus: the traditional blind method and an additional technique, both of which use anatomical landmarks to guide needle insertion. Materials and Methods: The traditional and additional approaches were performed on both thoracic limbs of 24 cadavers (24 for each approach). Methylene dye is used for injection and nerve staining. We counted the nerves that successfully stained (staining less than 1 cm). The Mann– Whitney U test was used to compare approaches. Results: The findings indicated that all cadavers were successfully used. The traditional approach and the additional approach revealed success rates of 45.83% and 54.17%, respectively. We found no significant differences between the two techniques (p > 0.05). Conclusion: The additional approach presents a viable alternative to the traditional method for performing the brachial plexus block in goats. Further research into the clinical differences between these techniques could lead to useful insights that help make them more accurate and useful. J. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res., 12(1): 64–69, March 2025 http://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2025.l872

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate how well fresh broiler meat may be preserved in cold storage using chitosan–stearin as an edible coating. Materials and Methods: A completely randomized design with a 3 x 5 factorial arrangement and three replications was employed. Factor I represented the formula dosage (FD) (FD0 = 0% chitosan + 0% stearin; FD1 = 1.5% chitosan + 1% stearin; FD2 = 3% chitosan + 1% stearin), while Factor II represented storage time (ST) (ST0 = 0 days; ST1 = 3 days; ST2 = 6 days; ST3 = 9 days; ST4 = 12 days). Results: The results showed that the water content, cooking loss, protein content, and fat content of broiler meat were significantly affected (p < 0.01) by the FD and ST. Nonetheless, no significant difference (p > 0.05) was observed in the meat’s ability to hold water. The broiler meat’s pH was significantly affected (p < 0.01) by the FD, but it was not significantly affected (p > 0.05) by the ST. Furthermore, no treatment underwent testing, which revealed the presence of Escherichia coli and Salmonella sp. Conclusion: Chitosan–stearin edible coatings with different formula doses FD and ST consistently preserve the quality of fresh broiler meat during cold storage, with average values of water content ranging from 48.97% to 53.73%, water-holding capacity from 17.52% to 34.30%, cooking loss from 10.03% to 33.19%, pH levels from 4.93 to 5.53, protein content from 14.54% to 17.46%, fat content from 20.55% to 24.21%, and no detectable presence of E. coli and Salmonella sp. J. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res., 12(1): 99–105, March 2025 http://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2025.l876

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the effects of feed supplementation on the body condition of cows suffering from foot and mouth disease (FMD) and the birth weight of their calves. Materials and Methods: The study involved 30 pregnant cows (6–7 months gestation), divided into five groups of six cows each. Groups A, B, C, D, and group E were supplemented with concentrates at levels of 0%, 0.2%, 0.4%, 0.6%, and 0.8% of body weight, respectively. The concentrates comprised cassava peels (60%), corn mill (40%), urea (3% of total feed needed), and minerals (25% of total feed needed). Variables: Following the onset of FMD symptoms, observations were made on the duration of hypersalivation, nasal discharge, snout and nose erosion, tongue and lip erosion, foot swelling, refusal to eat, and return to normal feed consumption. Results: The results showed that feed supplementation accelerated recovery such as time from hypersalivation, nasal discharge, muzzle erosion, and tongue (p < 0.05). However, no significant difference in interdigital wounds and duration of reluctance to eat due to FMD. Providing nutrient-rich feed also increases the body condition scores after FMD infection and the calf birth weight (p < 0.05) of Bali cattle. Conclusion: It was concluded that nutrient-rich feed supplementation accelerates cow recovery from FMD, maintains body condition, and increases the calf birth weight of Bali cattle. J. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res., 12(1): 106–116, March 2025 http://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2025.l877

Objective: This study aimed to find a quality probiotic ice cream formula by adding dadih, which is a result of the fermentation of buffalo milk in a bamboo tube. Materials and Methods: This study began with making dadih using 2 types of bamboo (Gigantochloa verticillata and Gigantochloa auriculata Kurz) to obtain dadih with the highest total probiotic colonies. Dadih with the highest colonies was used to continue the study. Furthermore, dadih was isolated to obtain the dominant lactic acid bacteria (LAB), which was identified molecularly using the 16S rRNA gene with the Polymerase polymerase chain reaction technique. The application of dadih into probiotic ice cream was conducted using a factorial completely randomized design with 2 factors. The first factor was the level of dadih, namely ICD 0 (ice cream without dadih), ICD 1 (5%), ICD 2 (10%), and ICD 3 (15%). The second factor was the length of ice cream storage (week), namely T0 (0), T1 (1), T2 (2) and T3 (3). Examination of pH, protein, fat content, and total bacterial colonies in ice cream was conducted. The research continued with sensory testing with 30 panelists. Results: The highest total probiotic colonies were 1 × 107 obtained in dadih fermented by Gigantochloa auriculata Kurz bamboo dominated by Weisselia paramesenteroides strain JCM 9890. pH of dadih was 4.52. Antimicrobial zones of dadih against Escherichia coli, Salmonella, and Staphylococcus aureus were 6.6, 8.1, and 7.7, respectively. The chemical quality test of ice cream showed that the pH was in the range of 6.21–5.61. Protein content ranged from 4.62 to 6.12, while fat content ranged from 6.03 to 8.12. Total ice cream colonies were in the range of 1 × 104 to 2.9 × 106. There was no interaction between the percentage of dadih and the length of ice cream storage time on the parameters of pH, protein, fat content, total LAB colonies, and sensory test result. The higher the dadih concentration, the more acidic the ice cream, and the higher the protein, fat content, and total LAB colonies. The sensory test showed that 15% of dadih was the most preferred by panelists. Conclusion: The conclusion of this study is that ice cream with a 15% dadih addition is the most preferred and proven probiotic ice cream. J. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res., 12(1): 214–221, March 2025 http://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2025.l888

Objective: This study aimed to identify Casein Alpha S1 (CSN1S1) gene polymorphism as a biomarker selection for improving the milk quality of Indonesian local PE cross-dairy goats. Materials and Methods: The study utilized 65 does to identify single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) on the target base fragment g.10094 gm.10200 of the CSN1S1 gene. Milk components (MCs) were analyzed using lactoscan and SNPs were identified using Sanger sequencing. Allele and genotype frequencies of the SNPs were determined by MEGA10 and PopGen32 programs. A general linear model was applied to examine the association between each SNP and the content (%) or daily yield (gm/day) of each of the MCs. Results: Eight SNPs were identified, with seven exhibiting dominant homozygous genotype references with genotype frequencies ranging from 0.77 to 0.95. SNP g.10098_C > G significantly affected (p < 0.05) the daily yield (gm/day) of MCs, but not for TS. The CC does, compared to the GC ones, produce higher yields (gm/day) of protein, fat, lactose, and SNF by 36.2%–39.8%. SNP g.10181_T > A had a significant effect (p < 0.05) on the content (%) of all MCs. The AT does, over the AA and TT ones, yield higher MCs by 3.63%–13.07% and 1.85%–10.68%, respectively. Conclusion: The findings suggest that SNP g.10098_C > G and g.10181_T > A of the CSN1S1 gene may serve as potential biomarkers for selective breeding to enhance milk quality in the local PE cross-dairy goats. J. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res., 12(1): 222–230, March 2025 http://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2025.l889

Objectives: The rise of antibiotic-resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus in dairy milk products is a global concern, compromising treatment efficacy and highlighting the need for innovative solutions. Therefore, a study was conducted to isolate S. aureus strains (N = 21) from raw milk samples of cows infected with subclinical bovine mastitis. Additionally, the resistance of these strains against 12 different antibiotics was examined. Materials and Methods: Sixty raw cow milk samples, 20 from each of three separate dairy farms in Lahore city, were collected and screened for the presence of S. aureus. It was discovered that 70% of these milk samples were contaminated with this bacterium, indicating a widespread presence across the farms. Different isolation tests were employed in this study, including gram staining, capsule staining, catalase, mannitol salt fermentation, DNase, coagulase, and oxidase. Results: The obtained results revealed that the isolated strains of S. aureus showed % of their resistance against different antibiotics in the order of amoxicillin (85%), penicillin (71%), gentamicin (CN) (42%), carbenicillin and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (33%), streptomycin, ciprofloxacin, and oxytetracycline (28%), cefotaxime (10%), and chloramphenicol (4%) in decreasing order, respectively. However, these strains showed no resistance against Bacitracin and Ampicillin. Conclusion: The existence of resistant strains of S. aureus has been attributed to various factors, such as poor milk hygiene, delayed milk transportation, subclinical bovine mastitis among dairy cows, and antibiotic-resistant genes. Thus, our present study will provide useful information about the resistant strains of S. aureus, which may transfer through cows into milk and then produce serious food-borne diseases in human beings. This study will be helpful to improve and control the quality of dairy products in Pakistan. J. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res., 12(1): 252–259, March 2025 http://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2025.l892

Objective: This work is to elucidate the prevalence of Peste des Petits (PPR) in Northern Sudan through antibody, antigen, and genome detection. Materials and Methods: Serum and tissue samples from lungs showing pneumonic lesions of goats and sheep were collected in slaughterhouses in both states in Northern Sudan. Sera were examined for antibodies to the PPR virus by Competitive ELISA; Immunocapture ELISA was used for testing PPRV antigen in lung tissues. Some of the ELISA-positive tissues were examined for the PPRV genome by reverse transcription PCR (RT/PCR). Results: The overall seroprevalence was 35%, with 40.8% in sheep and 28.4% in goats out of 945 sera that were tested. In the River Nile State, the prevalence was 30.1% (34.4% in sheep, and 24.6% in goats). In Northern State, it was 41.8% (50.5% in sheep, 33% in goats). Using IcELISA, the overall PPRV antigen detected in these two states of Northern Sudan was 7.7%; in River Nile State, it was 5% in sheep. In Northern State, 15.4% of sheep and 20% of goat lung tissue samples tested positive. PPR genome could be detected by RT/PCR. Conclusion: The results pointed to the increased prevalence of the disease in Northern Sudan, especially the Northern State. J. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res., 12(2): 327–333, June 2025 http://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2025.l900

Objective: Diabetes mellitus and obesity stand as globally prevalent, life-threatening metabolic diseases. It has been reported that the intake of a high-sugar diet (HSD) increases the risk of developing diabetes and obesity. Therefore, it is necessary to find an alternative supplemental diet that could reduce the harmful consequences of excessive sugar consumption. The current study aimed to explore how jackfruit seed powder (JSP) could potentially prevent metabolic diseases in mice induced by an HSD. Materials and Methods: Swiss albino male mice were categorized into six groups fed normal and HSDs with or without JSP supplementation for 8 weeks. After the end of the feeding trial, different parameters related to glucose and lipid homeostasis were measured. Results: We found that 20% of JSP supplementation significantly decreased food intake and body weight gain induced by HSD. Supplementation of JSP reduced the liver weight, white adipose tissue, and brown adipose tissue weight in HSD-fed mice. Moreover, the addition of JSP with HSD improved the glucose tolerance test and reduced the levels of total cholesterol, triglyceride, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Conclusion: These findings indicate that adding 20% JSP is particularly efficient in averting the onset of metabolic diseases induced by an HSD. J. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res., 12(2): 374–384, June 2025 http://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2025.l905