Many countries have imposed regulations relating to concerns that hide contamination will affect the cleanliness of abattoirs. However, South Korea has not indicated any clear criteria. The purpose of this study is to use surrogate bacteria to measure the contamination in abattoirs caused by contaminated cattle hides. The swab contact method and plate count method are used. Surrogate bacteria are found in most internal environments after the final process. These surrogates remained on the carcass even after the final washing process. This paper is the first study in South Korea that use surrogate bacteria to analyze contamination levels in abattoirs.

The objective of this study was to identify risk factors for repeat breeder dairy cows and their impact on reproductive performance. The characteristics of 1,504 cows, including their peripartum health, nutrition, production, and reproduction, were collected. Cows with metabolic disorder were significantly more likely (odds ratio [OR], 2.47; p less than 0.001) and cows with clinical endometritis tended to be more likely (OR, 1.35; p less than 0.1) to become repeat breeders than cows without metabolic disorder and clinical endometritis, respectively. Cows initially inseminated more than 80 days after calving were less likely (OR, 0.78; p less than 0.05) to become repeat breeders than cows initially inseminated ≤ 80 days after calving. As a result, repeat breeding in dairy cows resulted in a 90 day longer (p less than 0.0001) mean interval from calving to pregnancy. In conclusion, postpartum metabolic disorder, clinical endometritis, and a short interval from calving to initial insemination were risk factors for repeat breeder dairy cows, resulting in a severely impaired reproductive performance.

This study investigated dexamethasone (DXM) residues in the milk from intramuscularly dosed dairy cows and established the withdrawal time (WT) of DXM in milk. Eighteen healthy Holstein cows were injected with 20 (DXM-1) or 40 mL (DXM-2) of a drug containing 1 mg/mL of DXM. After administering DXM, milk samples were collected from all cows at 12-hour intervals for five days. The DXM residue concentrations in milk were determined by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The correlation coefficient of the calibration curve was 0.9966, and the limits of detection and quantification (LOQ) were 0.03 and 0.1 μg/kg, respectively. The recoveries were 97.0% to 104.0%, and the coefficient of variations was less than 7.22%. After treatment, DXM in DXM-1 was detected above the LOQ in two milk samples at 36 hours and below the LOQ in all milk samples of DXM-2 at 48 hours. Using the WT calculation program WT 1.4, the withdrawal periods of DXM-1 and DXM-2 in milk were established to be two days. In conclusion, the developed analytical method is sensitive and reliable for detecting DXM in milk. The estimated WT of DXM in bovine milk is shorter than the current milk WT recommendation of three days for DXM in lactating dairy cows.

This study was aimed to evaluate the prophylactic anti-glaucoma effect of topical 5% betaxolol (BTX) and 2% dorzolamide (DRZ) on the second eye in dogs with unilateral primary angle closure glaucoma (PACG). Medical records of 60 dogs with unilateral PACG who received prophylactic anti-glaucoma eyedrops in the second eye, from 2016 to 2021, were reviewed. The prophylactic effects of BTX were maintained on 28/60 (46.7%) eyes until last visit and BTX failure was observed on median 510 (range, 53-1,927) days in 32/60 (53.3%) eyes. After DRZ instillation in BTX failure eyes, the prophylactic effects were extended at median 610 (range, 157-2,270) days in 21/32 (65.6%) eyes. DRZ failure eyes (17/21, 81.0%) eyes required chemical ablation or surgical intervention due to uncontrolled intraocular pressure. The duration of prophylactic effects was decreased with aging (R2 = 0.334, p = 0.006). The predominant breeds were Shih-Tzu (41.9%) and American Cocker Spaniel (30.6%) with no significant differences in survival curves (p = 0.210). The average prophylactic effects of BTX persisted more than 1.5 year and could be selected the first prophylactic eye drop in unilateral PACG. Also, early surgical intervention should be considered in prophylactic medications failure cases.

5-Fluorouracil, doxorubicin, and vincristine are chemotherapy agents used to treat various cancers, such as breast cancer and lymphoma for decades, and their effects on cancer have been proven. On the other hand, these anti-cancer drugs cause fatal side effects, including immunosuppression. This study investigated whether sonicated Bordetella bronchiseptica bacterin (B. bronchiseptica) can attenuate the immunosuppression of spleen cells induced by these chemotherapy agents and which subsets of spleen cells were affected. B. bronchiseptica increased the metabolic activity of spleen cells treated with 3 anti-cancer drugs. Cell death analysis using Annexin V/propidium iodide showed that B. bronchiseptica markedly decreased the death of spleen cells. The subsets of spleen cells were analyzed by flow cytometry using a surface marker-specific antibody. B. bronchiseptica increased nitric oxide production in the spleen cells treated with anti-cancer drugs (p less than 0.0001). Despite the pharmacological effects of anti-cancer drugs, many patients suffer from the fatal side effects of immunosuppression. This study provides valuable information on how to overcome chemotherapy-induced immunosuppression.

With the increasing population of companion dogs, the social cost derived from their behavioral problems is increasing. Therefore, it is important to understand the environment to provide experience for dogs via interactions with their owners to prevent and solve these problems. The parenting behavior of dog owners as an environmental factor has a profound impact on the behavior development of dogs, as does the parenting behavior on children. Therefore, this study aimed to develop a scale to assess the dog owner’s parenting behavior. Exploratory factor analysis involving 300 participants resulted in a scale with four subscales, Positive Education, Involvement of Socialization, Intimacy, and Stable Responses, and 19 items. Confirmatory factor analysis was then performed to verify its reliability and validity. The result of parenting behaviors assessed by this scale was significantly different between a group with dogs with problematic behavior (n = 141) and those without (n = 159). Overall, a dog owner’s parenting behavior involves affection and control aspects, but the role required specifically in the control aspect is distinguished from the parenting behavior with children. The findings in the present study will provide dog owners with effective education that will help prevent dogs from developing behavioral problems.

This study reports the efficacy of the vasodilator sodium nitroprusside (SNP), for treatment of acute cardiogenic pulmonary edema in dogs. For this study, the patients were divided into the SNP only treatment group, the SNP, furosemide and dobutamine treatment group, and non-SNP treatment group. Seven dogs, 6 dogs and 2 dogs were favorable responders in SNP only group, group with SNP, furosemide and dobutamine and non-SNP treatment group, each. The results of this study suggest that SNP can be an effective alternative therapy for dogs with acute cardiogenic pulmonary edema.

A 5-year-old castrated male domestic shorthair cat was referred for further investigation of pulmonary nodules incidentally detected on thoracic radiographs. Thoracic radiographs identified ill-defined soft tissue opacity nodules with small faint mineral opacity. Thoracic computed tomography (CT) revealed that bronchial dilation and bronchial wall thickening in bilateral cranial and accessory lung lobes. Round to ellipsoid mineralized concretions were found embedded in the intrabronchial soft tissue attenuation material. Based on radiography, CT, and cytology, the patient was tentatively diagnosed as having broncholithiasis with chronic bronchitis. This report described the CT diagnosis of broncholithiasis, which has been rarely reported in a cat.

Vaccination against Newcastle disease (ND) is the most effective means of controlling the disease, and these vaccines are commercialized only after their safety and effectiveness have been verified through tests that comply with Korean Standards of National Lot Release for Veterinary Biologics. This study investigated whether a relatively convenient and safe serological test can be used in place of the challenge test using highly virulent ND virus. Hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assay and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were considered positive of log2 2 or more and cutoff value of 200 or more, respectively, in both live and inactivated vaccines. However, when the antibody levels of the live and inactivated vaccines induced using the Ulster 2C, KBNP-C4152R2L, and K148/08 strains were compared, the antibody titers for inactivated vaccines were significantly higher than those for live vaccines in both the HI assay and ELISA. A strong positive correlation was observed between HI and ELISA antibody titers. The live vaccines corresponded to a survival rates of ≥ 80% and the inactivated vaccines corresponded to 100% survival rates. This study confirmed that standard efficacy tests can serve as serological tests, and can replace the challenge test and that the vaccine approval process can be improved.

We describe four cases of feline progressive histiocytosis (FPH) including three females (one intact, two spayed) and one castrated male cat, with a mean age of 5.95 years at diagnosis. Masses were found under the skin of head, lip, neck, and vulva. Histologically, proliferative round cells had ovoid nuclei, foamy eosinophilic cytoplasm, distinct cytoplasmic processes, and numerous mitotic figures. Immunohistochemically, all cases were positive for Iba1 and MHC II (Dako). One case showed cytoplasmic positive staining for E-cadherin. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first documented report of FPH in Korea.