Tetanus toxoid for equines has been prepared by cultivation of C. tetani into new synthetic medium for production of high potent tetanus toxin which gave high flocculation units [90 Lf (Limit of flocculation)], and high minimum lethal dose (MLD) (600,000). Tetanus toxin was inactivated by formalin, and adsorbed on aluminum hydroxide gel as an adjuvant. It was inoculated into rabbits as a preliminary evaluation for its potency, showing the permissible units allowed to be used for vaccination of horse. The vaccine was tested in horses, which exhibited higher titer of specific antibodies persisted for 8 months post vaccination.

Toxocariasis is a disease of unspecific clinical manifestations in human beings and some animals forming a condition known as visceral larva migerans. Effective Toxocara canis (T. canis) control should destroy the dormant hypobiotic larvae in the tissues of the reservoir hosts. Embyonated egg antigen is intended to be evaluated in rabbits where15 New Zealand rabbits were divided into 3 groups; immunized group that injected with three doses of T. canis egg antigen (First dose with complete Freund's and two successive doses with incomplete Freund’s adjuvant); control infected group and adjuvant control group. At 30th day from the beginning of the experiment, all groups were infected with 10,000 T. canis embryonated egg. Blood samples were collected periodically for measuring antibodies titer by ELISA. Postmortem and histopathological investigations were done. The efficacy of egg antigen protective immunity was evaluated by; the positive antibody titer, retention of larvae in the liver, hepatic eosinophilic granuloma formation, number of the milky spots on the liver surface and lung resistance to the infection. These parameters were detected obviously in the immunized group than the non immunized ones. Consequently, production of this product is recommended where its preparation is simple, easy, fast and economic and may be used as role of vaccine program against the parasite infection in the susceptible hosts.

In this study, a combined Trivalent vaccine against ND, IB and M. gallisepticum was locally prepared and evaluated in comparison with other locally prepared Bivalent ND and IB and monovalent M. gallisepticum vaccines. The obtained results were promising for this locally prepared Trivalent vaccine and the immune response was outstanding starting at the 2nd week post vaccination and showed extended raising allover the experiment period. The immune response of chickens vaccinated with the Trivalent was shoot up post boostering at the 8th week post 1st vaccination. These results were confirmed and supported by the challenge tests using the virulent strains of the three pathogens. So it could be recommend that the production of this Trivalent ND, IB and M. gallisepticum will help in the control of the three diseases and their complications.

A natural outbreak of Bovine Ephemeral Fever in Egypt during the summer of 2006 had been observed. In Beni Suef province, out of 70 cattle naturally infected with bovine ephemeral fever virus, three fattening calves suffered from subcutaneous emphysema died and were subjected to post-mortem examination. The findings revealed severe subcutaneous emphysema, interstitial and pulmonary emphysema. The serous membranes were thick, opaque and emphysematous. Microscopically, interstitial and pulmonary emphysema was prominent in most lobes of the examined lungs accompanied with pulmonary oedema and focal leucocytic aggregations in some areas. Angiopathy was demonstrated in all cases. The bronchial and mediastinal lymph nodes showed congestion and hemorrhages. Immunohistochemically, specific reaction for Bovine Ephemeral Fever virus was demonstrated in the lung and lymph nodes of the three cases; the pathogenesis of the disease was discussed.

Out of 63 bacteriologically examined sanguineous fluids samples which were collected from Oedematous Skin Disease (O.S.D.) lesions, 37 isolates of C. pseudotuberculosis (C.p.) were recovered. The sensitivity tests revealed that isolates were highly sensitive to trimethoprim + sulphamethoxazole, amoxycillin, gentamicin and enrofloxacin. Diphtheria toxin (DT) produced by C. pseudotuberculosis of buffalo was determined by using the double immunodiffusion technique, it was applied on concentrated exotoxins which was prepared from C.p. isolates against Diphtheria toxin antiserum, its results were 15 (40.54%) positive and 22 (59.46) %) negative to presence of DT. Virulence of isolates having only phospholipase D ( PLD) or both PLD and DT was assayed by S/C inoculation of exotoxines prepared from isolates in guinea pigs, 15(40.54%) guinea pigs died within 18 hours while 22 (59.46%) guinea pigs died during 48 hours. An important point in this investigation that there have been very rare previous reports describing the production of DT by local isolates of C. pseudotuberculosis of buffalo.

A total of one hundred meat products samples; 20 each of camel's minced meat, burger, rice kofta, frankfurter and luncheon were collected from different supermarkets at Cairo and Giza Cities. All samples were exposed to bacteriological examination and showed that the mean values of aerobic plate count, psychrophiles, coli forms, fecal coli forms, S. aureus, and B. cereus in examined camel's minced meat, burger and rice kofta were higher than luncheon and frankfurter. E. coli, Salmonellae, S. aureus and B. cereus, L. monocytogenes were isolated from examined camel's meat products by different percent. The public health significance of the isolated microorganisms as well as suggestions for improving the quality of the camel meat products were discussed.

The main goal of this study was to evaluate the protective efficacy of living attenuated Salmonella Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) vaccine in poultry and to evaluate its use in control of salmonella infection in chickens. Oral vaccination of chickens within 36 hours after hatching and after 6 weeks from the first dose induced a strong humoral immune response as measured by ELISA. Challenge test was done with virulent strain of S. Typhimurium. Shedding of S. Typhimurium was detected during the first day, but after 14 days, salmonella could not be detected in the internal organs of vaccinated chickens compared with the non-vaccinated challenged chickens.

The present study is an endeavor for profound exploration about the effects of 2 commonly used molluscicides in Egypt (bayluscide and copper sulfate ) on some reproductive aspects in mature male Albino rats. For this purpose, 180 mature male Albino rats were used. Animals were equally divided into 3 groups; the 1st group was considered as controls administered distilled water while those of the 2nd and 3rd groups were administered distilled water containing 1 / 20 LD50 of either baylucide or copper sulfate every 3 days for 8 successive weeks. The results of the present study revealed that administration of either molluscicides induced a serious drastic decline in the levels of the reproductive hormones; an effect which was not completely reversed after removal of the molluscicide for 8 successive weeks. This disruption upon reproductive hormones was concomitant with a significant deviation of semen parameters represented by a drop in the individual motility concomitant with an increase in dead sperm percentage as well as total sperm abnormalities. Moreover, stoppage of molluscicides administration along 8 successive weeks failed to improve all studied semen parameters. Moreover, evaluation of total antioxidant activity disclosed that application of either bayluscide or copper sulfate resulted in significant reduction in the total antioxidant capacity as compared with the corresponding control values; a finding which persisted after prevention of molluscicides administration along 8 weeks.

he present study was carried out to determine the critical points during processing of yoghurt, through examination of Acidity % and Storch's test to detect the efficiency of heat treated milk samples and Microbiological examination of samples collected weekly over a period of 7 months for TCC, Thermoduric, Total coliform, Faecal coliform, E. coli, Enterococci, S. aureus, Yersinia enterocolitica and Total yeast and mould counts. A total of 100 samples of raw milk, heat treated milk, inoculated milk and yoghurt (25 of each) in addition to 75 samples from worker’s hands, plastic packages and mixing vat (25 of each) were collected under strict hygienic conditions, also twenty five samples of yoghurt at the end of the expire date were collected and examined microbiologically. The obtained results concluded that the major sources of yoghurt contamination were raw milk, improperly cleaned and sanitized worker’s hands as well as the added starter culture. Finally, the public health and economic importance of the isolated organisms were mentioned.

The purposes of this study were to describe the clinical signs observed in PRRS positive herds during a porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) outbreak in Ontario and to determine associations between these clinical signs and herd demographics and PRRS control strategies. All PRRS polymerase chain reaction-(PCR)-positive submissions to a diagnostic laboratory between September 1, 2004 and August 31, 2007 were identified (n = 1864). After meeting eligibility requirements and agreeing to voluntary study participation, producers from 455 of these submissions were surveyed for information on clinical signs observed in their herds, herd demographics, and PRRS control strategies used in their herds at the time that the PCR-positive samples were taken. Larger herd size was associated with an increased risk of reporting abortion, weakborn piglets, off-feed sows, and sow mortality in sow herds, and with an increased risk of reporting mortality in finishing herds. When disease control strategies were examined, use of a commercial PRRS vaccine in sows and gilts was associated with a decreased risk of reporting weakborn pigs and high pre-weaning mortality, while the use of serum inoculation in breeding animals was associated with an increased risk of reporting off-feed sows and sow mortality. Providing biofeedback of stillborn/mummified piglets, placenta or feces to gilts was associated with an increased risk of reporting respiratory disease and mortality in finishing pigs while all-in/all-out flow in farrowing rooms was associated with an increased risk of reporting sow mortality and weakborn piglets.