The mammary tissue gets inflamed when it is affected by mastitis. Inflammation is indicated by changes in the appearance and color of clots, also by an increase in milk cell counts. The current research sought to determine how leukocytes alter Interleukin (IL) 6 concentrations in milk and the role of nontuberculous mycobacteria concentration (NTM) as an accusatory agent in subclinical mastitis (SCM). The major screening method for subclinical mastitis in samples of cow's milk was Modified Whiteside Test (MWT). A total of 58 out of 70 (82.9%) exhibited positive SCM reactions, according to the test results; of these, 22 out of 70 (31.5%) had a strong SCM reaction (+++ve), 25 (35.7%) had a slight (1.5%) SCM reaction (++ve), and 11 (15.7) had a moderate SCM reaction (++ve). The 16s rRNA-based polymerase chain reaction (PCR) has been used for confirming the existence of NTM spp in the examined cow's milk samples. Out of 70 milk samples, 3 (4.3%) had positive PCR results. ELISA test was used to ascertain the impact of somatic cell count on concentration of IL-6 in cow's milk. The test's findings have shown that there was a significant variation (P<0.05) in the mean concentration regarding IL-6 in SCM milk. Cow's milk samples with considerable SCM reaction (++ve) had a higher mean IL-6 concentration (474.5670), while milk samples with modest SCM reaction (+ve) had a lower mean IL-6 concentration.

Feline leukemia virus is a highly infectious virus among cats, spread primarily via saliva, mutual grooming and aggressive behaviors. This virus cause disorders of hematopoiesis, immune suppression, anemia lymphomas and leukemias. Blood samples were obtained from a client owned 4 years male cat presented to a veterinary private clinic in Baghdad governorate for checking and tested by using the anigen FIV/FeLV rapid kits (manufactured by Bionote, validated from OIE reference laboratories, republic of Korea) to detect FeLV antigen (94% sensitivity of FeLV Ag, 99% specificity) and by blood sample analysis. The result was positive for the leukemic antigen. This is the first confirmatory diagnosis of FeLV in iraq.

A highly mutated RNA virus known as feline Kalisi virus (FCV) is commonly found in domestic cats. However, its potential for transmission to humans is minimal. FCV has significant genetic and antigenic diversity in cat populations. Severe acute systemic FCV infection (VS-FCV) manifests itself as lingual ulcers for upper respiratory tract diseases, gingivitis, alopecia, skin, mouth, ear problems, and claudication syndrome. Other symptoms include necrosis of the pancreas, liver, and spleen, bronchointerstitial pneumonia, and subcutaneous edema that contribute to the high mortality rate of infected cats. The diagnosis of FC virus is carried out using two techniques: reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and virus isolation. The frequency of antibodies is usually high in cat populations due to vaccination and symptomatic diseases. Therefore, the presence of certain antibodies does not always indicate the presence of a prolonged infection. The mainstay of FCV treatment is supportive care, although there are no authorized antiviral drugs specifically designed for the virus. However, drugs such as misuripine and nitazoxanide have proven their antiviral effectiveness in the laboratory. The types of vaccines available include inactivated and modified vaccines. Vaccination is necessary for the prevention of FCV virus. Preventing the spread of FCV requires proper hygiene and effective disinfection, especially in versatile environments.

Ovine hemotropic Mycoplasma (Ohm)are zoonotic pathogens that are emerging and are responsible for severe hemolytic anemia and substantial financial losses. The purpose of this study was to use the conventional polymerase chain reaction (C-PCR) method to molecularly detect Ovine hemotropic Mycoplasma spp. in infected sheep in Nineveh Province, Iraq. Additionally, the phylogenetic analysis of Ohm spp. diagnosed in this study was investigated. Sheep from various regions of Nineveh province were collected to provide a total of 241 blood samples (3 ml). Results revealed that the infection rates of Mycoplasma ovis and Candidatus Mycoplasma haematovis were 52.6% and 23.2%, respectively, using C-PCR with a primer specific to the species. Four 16S rRNA gene sequences were extracted from sheep blood for individual sequencing analysis. The NCBI GenBank contains the sequences of Ohm under the accession numbers PV273224 and PV273225 (Mycoplasma ovis) and PV273226 and PV273227 (Candidatus Mycoplasma haematovis). These sequences were identical (100%) to those associated with Mycoplasma ovis found in the following databases: NCBI GenBank (GU230142 and AF338268 in the United States), MH379799 in Brazil, MF377458 in Turkey, JF931138 in Japan, MW547439 in Poland, ON202709 in Germany, and EU828582 in Switzerland. Additionally, OQ310852 was identified in Egypt as Candidatus Mycoplasma haematovis. Mycoplasma ovis and Candidatus M. haemovis, two ovine hemotropic mycoplasmas, were first detected in sheep in the Nineveh province in this study. It was observed that they are ubiquitous, and this discovery may prove advantageous for future research and strategic management of this mycoplasma species in the study region.

Formalin is one of the liquid materials handled by the laboratory in particular and manufactured in general. It is also incorrectly disposed of and likely to be scattered to the main estuaries, which may significantly affect aquatic and wild animals. The primary goal of the study was to determine the changes in body tissues, particularly the spleen. The experiment involved taking five male rats for each group, injected with a saline solution under the skin of the rats, and considered this group to be the control group, which was called group (A) . Group (B) was injected with a 2% diluted formalin solution under the skin for a week every 72 hours. The experiment on five other animals, with injections of the same substance and quantity under the skin, lasted for two weeks and was called group (C), comparing the results of the totals with some. The results of the tissue sections after routine staining (H and E) showed that the effect of formalin in group B was greater than in group C After these totals were compared with the control group A , showed atrophy of the white and red pulp in the spleen. The atrophy of the white pulmonary lymphocytes includes loss of lymphocytes in T cells , and B cells . The study revealed that exposure to formalin causes significant alterations in spleen tissue the longer the exposure period.

Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli are the most common strains of E. coli that animals and humans are exposed to. It can be classified into six pathogenic groups, regarding their antibiotic resistance ability and the presence of virulence genes. Most of them are located on mobile genetic elements such as plasmids. Thus, this study aimed to identify the plasmid DNA patterns from E. coli isolated from dogs and humans each of which has diarrhoea. In order to search for similarities between the plasmids distributed among them, plasmid patterns as bands on agarose gel and plasmid incompatibility replicons detection were applied. A multiplex PCR-based method was used to detect the presence of the most common plasmid replicons (B/O, FIA, FIB, I1 and Frep). The results showed that almost all E. coli isolates contain plasmids. The IncF (FIA and FIB) replicons were the most prevalent Inc (60%) among human isolates. In contrast, the dominant Inc replicon in dog isolate was Frep followed by FIB and FIA in rates reached 35% and 25% respectively. Whereas, the 1I replicon was the least common in both sources. The dual plasmids Inc Frep+FIB and Frep+FIA were found to be the shared types. In contrast, one of the triple Incs patterns (FIB+Ferp+B/O) was common among dog and human isolates. This pattern’s similarity indicates the bacterial transmitted ability and triggered a preliminary idea about the possibility of plasmid transmission between E. coli from different hosts.

  The current experience was carried out to evaluated the impacts of Zinc and VitD3  on the thyroid gland, and testicular functions as well as bone tissue architecture in rats with zinc deficiency, forty juvenile rats were used, and Zinc deficiency was induction within a dose of 30 mg/kg of 1,10 phenanthroline dissolved in  0.5 ml of DMSO.  Rats were distributed into four groups: group I.  Rats served as control without zinc deficiency, was received 1ml of saline, group II with zinc deficiency  considered as positive control, was received 1ml of saline, group III with deficiency, was  treated  with   zinc  20mg /kg , group IV with Zn deficient, was treated with Vit D3 at a dose of 500 IU/kg, all groups treated orally for 30 days consecutive, our findings indicating that zinc deficiency caused to elevated TSH and T4 while lowered T3 values, markedly decreased in testosterone, FSH and LH, whereas    histopathological alteration in bone its representing by loss of trabecular mass and atrophy of the  osteoblast were observable, while the  administration of zinc and Vit D led to  improvement thyroid and sexual hormones as well osteoblast activity.  In Conclusion zinc deficiency causing harmful impacts on thyroid gland, spermatogenesis and bone mineralization, while the administration of zinc and Vitamin D results in improvement hormone levels and restoration of the histopathological changes in the bone.

  Hypervirulent Klebsiella pneumoniae is an evolved pathogenic strain that is more resistant and more virulent than classical pneumoniae (cKp).  Klebsiella pneumoniae is a Gram-negative bacillus of the Enterobacteriaceae family that is usually grouped with non-motile, lactose-fermenting. hv-K. pneumoniae is a fascinating bacterium that can be a natural inhabitant of human and animals, a very efficient pathogen capable of causing several community or hospital-acquired infections or an opportunistic multidrug-resistant strain.  hv-K. pneumoniae has worldwide dissemination and is usually found in the environment and commensal flora of humans and other animal species. It includes several strains such as ST23\K1, ST86\K2 and ST29\K54, the most important of which are widespread around the world, especially in Asian countries. hv-K. pneumoniae is responsible for pneumonia, septicemia, and urinary tract and soft-tissue infections, but it is most famous for its role in community-acquired liver abscesses in Asia. In addition to its clinical relevance, hv-K. pneumoniae is also intensively studied in the course of basic and applied research, being of interest to a vast range of scientists from microbiologists. This interest is mostly due to its capability to acquire drug resistance and express hypervirulence. hv-K. pneumoniae is a very efficient biofilm producer and is involved in nosocomial tuberculosis outbreaks as a clinical co-pathogen. Furthermore, it is now one of the most important antimicrobial resistance threats. However, for the most part, the ability to infect almost all types of immunocompromised hosts and to acquire extreme antimicrobial resistance is the most fascinating characteristic. We conclusion   prevalence of multidrug-resistant hv-K. pneumoniae in hospitals is quite high and its emergence is rapid according to studies and research. According to this study, it was shown that there are some strains such as 23 that are resistant to multiple drugs, which were the most prevalent compared to others, especially in some countries of the world, such as Taiwan, China, India, and others. The studies also showed that there is a strain such as ST11 that is resistant to most antibiotics KPC, SHV, and ESBL compared to others in some countries, especially in China and Iran. This means that there is a high affinity for beta-lactam antibiotics compared to other antibiotics.                            

The current experiment was done in the poultry farm of the animal production department, college of agriculture - Kirkuk University, from (22/04/2022 to 22/07/2022), 120 unsexed chicks were used (White quail=40, Brown quail=40, and Gray quail=40), rearing on the cages, the diet and the water ad libitum when the flock reached 120 days of age 5 male, and female were chosen randomly to slaughter. Following the slaughter, the heads were gathered, boiled, and the characteristics of the skull were measured using a Caliper Vernier with an accuracy of 0.01 mm. There were significant differences in some dimensions, as the Pro. Sprameaticus of sequamosal bone was larger in the brown genetic line compared to the white one, which was smaller. This is also the case with Postorbital process, as for the other dimensions, there were no significant differences between the genetic lines. There were highly significant differences in many dimensions, where the female white quail excelled over the rest of the birds in the Cerebellar prominentia trait, and in the Exoccipital bone trait and Postorbital process, the male white quail excelled over the other birds. The gray female quail also excelled in the Postorbital process, Dorsal middle point of frontonsal structure, and Middle point of frontonasal structure Basilar tuberculum of basioccipital bone, over the other of the birds. As for Paraoccipital process, white males, gray males and females outperformed other birds. As for the other of the characteristics, there was no significant effect among the studied interactions.

African swine fever (ASF) is a highly fatal viral haemorrhagic disease affecting pigs. This study uses official surveillance data to investigate the persistence and spread of ASF in wild boar populations in Serbia from 2020 to 2024. A total of 480 ASF cases were analysed, with spatiotemporal clustering conducted via SaTScan™ and proximity analyses performed in the Quantum Geographic Information System. The yearly prevalence of ASF in wild boar rose steadily from 0.66% in 2020 to 1.47% in 2023. Seasonal trends showed a significant increase in cases during winter (68%) and spring (24%). Five distinct clusters were identified, predominantly near the borders with North Macedonia and Bulgaria, suggesting potential cross-border transmission. Proximity to major roads was significantly associated with ASF case distribution (p  0.01), while proximity to water bodies and elevation showed no consistent pattern. The findings highlight critical gaps in current passive surveillance systems, which likely underestimate ASF prevalence. The study underscores the need for enhanced surveillance in remote and wooded areas and proposes strategies to improve ASF monitoring and control in wild boar populations. Contribution: This study highlights the feasibility of cost-effective, non-invasive surveillance methods for ASF detection, offering critical insights for low-income countries where resources for intensive disease monitoring are limited. By demonstrating how environmental and anthropogenic factors drive ASF dynamics, this research provides actionable strategies for improving regional and global ASF control efforts.