The widespread use of parabens has led to their accumulation in aquatic environments. This study examined the effects of methylparaben on rainbow trout, dividing 96 fish into control and treatment groups (1 mg/L, 5 mg/L, and 8 mg/L). Results showed dose-dependent weight loss, altered hepatosomatic indices, increased serum urea, uric acid, and Malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, and decreased Glutathione Peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity. Histopathological analysis revealed liver and kidney abnormalities in treated groups, including hepatocyte degeneration, proliferation in the bile duct, glomerular atrophy, reduced haematopoietic tissue, increased melanomacrophage centres, necrosis and fibrosis. Contribution: These findings highlight methylparaben’s toxic effects, emphasising the need for stricter regulations and further research to safeguard aquatic ecosystems and understand its impact on aquatic organisms.

Mahyaveh, a traditional fermented fish product consumed as condiments in the southern part of Iran. In this study, the effects of the Lactobacillus plantarum and Lactobacillus  as starters culture on the chemical and microbial properties of fermented sauce were studied during a 45-days interval. The studied parameters were pH, acidity, crude protein, TVB-N, salt content, biogenic amines (i.e. Histamine and tyramine), halophilic bacteria, LAB, mold and yeast counts. The results showed that pH values and crude protein content were significantly different among the studied groups (p<0.05). The interaction between time and applying starters on significant changes in acidity was observed. The highest amount of TVB-N was measured for the treated group. The amount of histamine and the salt content of the samples decreased over time. There was also a significant difference in the tyramine levels of the samples (p<0.05). The highest count of Halophiles, Bacillus, Mold and Yeast were observed in the control group. The cfu of LAB increased during the time of fermentation process. It can be concluded that the inoculated sauce with L. plantarum and L.starters was more acceptable in terms of chemical and microbial properties compared to the control group.

A gravid, previously-injured, female, wild Eastern chicken turtle (Deirochelys reticularia reticularia) was treated by the North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine Turtle Rescue Team for prolonged anorexia and possible dystocia.  Medical management included successful induction of oviposition with oxytocin.  Radiographs and ultrasonography were used to confirm the presence of eggs within the oviducts prior to oxytocin therapy.  Ultrasonography revealed Doppler blood flow within at least one egg and the presence of a developing embryo.  It is hypothesized that these findings may be unique to Eastern chicken turtles.  This case demonstrated that case management may be complicated by a patient’s medical history and also unique life-history traits.

Yersiniosis, caused by Yersinia ruckeri, is recognized as one of the most significant diseases affecting cold-water and sturgeon fish in aquaculture. Vaccination has emerged as the most cost-effective and sustainable method for controlling infectious diseases in fish. This study investigated the effects of a bath vaccine against yersiniosis on certain biochemical parameters in the serum of beluga sturgeon (Huso huso). For this purpose, 400 to 500 juvenile fish with an average weight of approximately 10 gr were divided into 14 tanks and raised for 10 to 14 days to acclimatize to environmental conditions. The treatments included: A single bath vaccination with anti-yersiniosis vaccine (with Brand name: Antiyersin) for 10 gr fish, two-stage bath vaccination against yersiniosis for 10 gr fish. two-stage hyperosmotic bath vaccination against yersiniosis (antiyersin) for 10 gr fish. Single injection vaccination against yersiniosis for 10 gr fish and a control group of unvaccinated fish. The impact of the vaccine on the biochemical factors in the blood of beluga sturgeon was also evaluated. The results indicated that in the vaccinated treatments, biochemical blood indices such as glucose, uric acid, urea, cholesterol, total protein, triglycerides, calcium, creatinine, and albumin were measured. The findings from this study demonstrated that the vaccine had a better effect on the health of beluga sturgeon weighing between 10 to 15 gr, with significant differences observed in glucose, uric nitrogen, uric acid, triglycerides, total cholesterol, and calcium levels between the vaccinated groups and the control group. However, there was no significant effect on total protein, creatinine levels, and the gene expression of dismutase among the vaccinated groups compared to the control group.

The current study was designed to Know the Potassium dichromate (chromium) effects of histological structure on ovaries and thyroid glands in adult female rats. Twenty-one adult female rats were divided into three groups. The first group (n=7) animals received distal water as the control group, the second group (n=7) animals received potassium dichromate dissolved in distal water at a dose (n= 8.5 mg\kg), and the third group (n=7) animals received potassium dichromate at a dose (n= 4.25 mg\kg) dissolved in distal water. Animals received chromium orally by gavage for 30 days. The animals were sacrificed at the last experiment and the ovaries and thyroid have been isolated for histological study. Results showed normal ovarian histological structure in the control group and normal collagen fibers surrounding the vascular tissues. The potassium dichromate-treated group showed cysts, hemorrhage, distortion of granulosa cells, and collagen fibers not appearing with high doses. Histological ovarian sections in the treated group at a low dose of chromium showed normal ovarian structure with few fibroblasts. Normal thyroid follicles appeared in the control group. Thyroid gland structure in the treatment group at high doses of chromium showed the epithelium follicles have hyperplasia with distortion of follicle cells and walls. The follicles in the low dose group of chromium showed damage to follicle cells, vacuolated and limited hyperplasia. Therefore, chromium directly or indirectly affects of ovaries and thyroid glands

This study aimed to determine the prevalence of coccidiosis in broiler farms in Duhok Province, Iraq. A cross-sectional study was performed from June to October 2023. 600 fresh fecal samples were collected from the litters of the suspected farms, and the parasitological examinations were carried out using standard methods by using both direct fecal and flotation fecal methods for searching for coccidian oocysts. Also, 600 intestine and ceca samples were collected from the same chicken for macroscopic examination to report the presence of any pathological changes in the intestine and the ceca. The study findings revealed a high prevalence rate of coccidiosis (60%) among broiler farms in Duhok Province. Regarding ages, the ages 4-6 weeks were observed the most prevalent for infection (66.56%) than in other age groups. This study revealed that the infection rate of coccidiosis was higher in the Autumn season than in the summer season. According to the gross examination, most cases showed positive for Eimeria tenella (4433%), which indicates cecal coccidiosis and (55.7%) were positive with other Eimeria spp. Finally, some positive cases of Eimeria tenella were found infected with other species. The prevalence of coccidiosis among broiler farms was high in this study, especially, cecal coccidiosis and this is associated with several risk factors such as poor management, bad ventilation systems, humidity, and inadequate biosecurity systems in the farms.

In this study, the parasite Cryptosporidium spp. was investigated in backyard chicken and the effect of age and sex on the infection rate was studied. All samples taken from feces and intestinal contents were examined microscopically by staining methods including modified acid-fast stain, Malachite Green Stain at a concentration of 5%, 1%, Nigrosin Stain (1%), and Safranin methylene blue staining. The overall infection rate was 48.7%. The Oocyst appeared in an oval to spherical shape with a bright red color in modified acid-fast stain and without stain with a green background in malachite green stain 5% and light malachite green 1%. The oocyst appeared brighter, while in an orange color when using safranin methylene blue stain. The highest infection rate was found in the modified acid-fast stain (48.7%), Its efficiency reached 100%, Nigrosin stain (47%), malachite green stain (45.2%), and safranin blue stain (43.5%), while the lowest infection rate in the light malachite green stain (30.4%). The oocysts were divided into two types of cysts depending on the size of the cysts (large cysts and small cysts) and on the wall thickness (thick-walled cysts and thin-walled cysts). the highest infection rate was in young ages less than three months (60.8%), while in adults, the infection rate was 29.2%, no significant difference was recorded between the infection rate in females and males,

Lactuca serriole. L. is commonly used traditionally as medicine for the therapeutical purposes of different conditions, including digestive, respiratory, and other conditions regardless of its neurotoxicity. Therefore, the study was undertaken to estimate the effect of the alcoholic extract Lactuca serriola. L. on brain and behavior. Thirty male rats were used. The rodents were divided into five groups: the first group without treatment; the second, third, fourth, and fifth group received dosages of 100, 200, 400, and 800 mg/kg b. w. of Lactuca extract via oral administration, respectively for fourteen days. The record of behavioral data was started after allowing the rats to explore freely for 10 minutes. To collect the data, the scan sampling method was used at one-minute intervals for twenty-eight hours in fourteen consecutive days, morning one hour and evening one hour. The effect of time on the behaviors was also evaluated. Results revealed that the dosages of 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg b. w. decreased running (walking) and climbing behaviors, on the other hand, improved rearing, paws licking, and grooming behaviors which indicates reduced stress in the rats. The dose of 800 mg/kg b. w. increased immobility and immobile sniffing, which affected the mood and central nervous system of the rats, especially the brain. Time also affected on behavioral components of all groups especially group 5. The study results suggest the range of phenolic dosages (100-400 mg per kg body weight) of Lactuca are harmless to use in animals experimentally without any toxicity and behavioral changes.

Arsenic trichloride (AsCl₃) is a highly toxic inorganic compound that adversely affects multiple organ systems, including the liver, kidneys, and brain. As a widespread environmental pollutant, arsenic poses significant health risks to both humans and animals, particularly poultry. Young birds, such as duck chicks, are especially vulnerable due to their developing physiological systems. Chronic arsenic exposure in poultry can lead to metabolic disturbances, organ damage, and impaired immune function, ultimately affecting growth, survival, and response to veterinary interventions.This study determined the median lethal dose (LD₅₀) of arsenic trichloride in duck chicks, which was established at 6.53 mg/kg. Additionally, the research evaluated the impact of arsenic exposure on anesthesia induced by xylazine (5 mg/kg) and ketamine (20 mg/kg). Arsenic exposure at doses of 4 and 8 mg/kg significantly prolonged the duration of anesthesia compared to lower doses (0 and 2 mg/kg), while the onset of anesthesia became significantly more rapid at 8 mg/kg. The percentage of birds exhibiting anesthesia also increased in a dose-dependent manner. These findings suggest that arsenic exposure alters drug metabolism and neurophysiological responses, which could complicate bird anesthetic management.Understanding the effects of arsenic toxicity on anesthetic response is crucial for veterinary professionals working with poultry. This study emphasizes the need to consider environmental toxicant exposure when administering bird anesthetic agents to ensure safe and effective anesthesia. Additionally, monitoring arsenic contamination in poultry farming is essential to prevent long-term health consequences, optimize veterinary anesthesia protocols, and safeguard food safety.

Poultry is infected with many external parasites, chewing lice is the most important of those parasites. It attacks poultry, especially in rural and local free farms. The infection leads to many pathological effects, including stunted growth, decreased egg production, feather loss, and others. This study aimed to survey and diagnose the chewing lice parasitizing domestic chickens and pigeons during the period from November 2023 to October 2024 in Basra Governorate. A total of 240 chickens and 240 pigeons were examined. The results showed a recording of six species of chewing lice, three were parasitic on chickens: Macanthus stramineuse, Menacanthus cornutus, Menapon gallinae. There were also three species of parasites on pigeons: Campanulotes bidentatus, Hohorstiella lata. Columbicola columbae. The total prevalence in chickens was 45.42% and in pigeons 42.92%. Monthly infection percentages and its impact on environmental factors (temperature and humidity) were recorded. Samples of chewing lice species were calculated. Triple infection was the highest rate, was 57.79% in chickens and 60.19% in pigeons. The sites of infections in birds&rsquo; bodies were observed.