This study evaluated the efficacy of a new, single-dose otic solution combining florfenicol, terbinafine, and mometasone furoate for the treatment of canine otitis externa (OE) in vitro and in vivo. Forty-one client-owned dogs with OE were included in the study and divided into a treatment group that received the test solution and a negative control group that received a normal saline solution. On day 0, the dogs were treated either with the test or the control solution and evaluated over 30 days. Clinical efficacy was evaluated by clinical signs and cytological organism counts. In vitro antimicrobial susceptibility was evaluated by the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). After treatment with the test solution, clinical signs continuously decreased and cytological scores were significantly reduced. The results of MIC testing showed that the test solution was potent against the common pathogenic causes of canine OE. In this study, the most common causative pathogens were Staphylococcus pseudintermedius, Pseudomonas spp. and Malassezia pachydermatis. No issues related to safety were identified. Based on these results, this new ototopical drug can be used as first line treatment for canine OE.

From April 2014 to September 2015, 153 piglets from 52 farms in Jeju were diagnosed with porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED). The major PED cases were focused on suckling piglets (144 piglets, 94.1%), particularly in 1-7-day-old piglets. Histopathologically, severe villous atrophy was observed in the small intestine, especially in the jejunum and ileum. The mean villous height to crypt depth ratios of the jejunum and ileum were 1.4:1 and 1.5:1, respectively. The major histopathologic findings of the small intestine were cytoplasmic vacuolation, cuboidalization, squamation, and exfoliation of the mucosal enterocytes in the villi. The cytoplasmic vacuolations in the enterocytes were the most prevalent lesions in the small intestine and were more severe in the ileum than in the jejunum. According to immunohistochemistry methods, the PED virus (PEDV) antigens were presented in the cytoplasms of the enterocytes, and were distributed more prevalently in the ileum than in the jejunum. PEDV antigens were also detected in the colon of 29 piglets (19.5%). Sequence comparison and phylogenetic analysis indicated that 12 PEDV had more than a 98.9% homology with each other. These PEDV strains were highly homologous with the genogroup 2 North American group.

This study reports the detection and genotyping of the first clinical case of bovine anemia due to Theileria orientalis group (BATOG) in non-grazed dairy cow in upper Korea. Blood and serum tests revealed anemia and hyperbilirubinemia from animal showing clinical symptoms, and later confirmed as piroplasmosis-positive. Follow-up surveillance on the herd revealed 2 asymptomatic cows with anemia. The three animals were confirmed theileriosis-positive and genotyping revealed the clinical and one of the asymptomatic cases have Chitose, while the other has Ikeda genotype. Clinical BATOG cases were rarely reported worldwide, and asymptomatic animals left untreated could serve as parasite reservoir.

An 11-year-old obese dog was referred for a liver mass. Cytologic examination revealed vacuolated hepatocytes with mild pleomorphism. A partial liver lobectomy was performed. On histopathologic examination, the mass was diagnosed as hepatocellular carcinoma composed of hepatocytes with clear vacuoles. These findings were consistent with clear cell hepatocellular carcinoma (CCHCC). The CCHCC is a rare subtype of hepatocellular carcinoma in dogs, and clinical features are poorly defined. This is the first report on the cytological, histological and clinical aspects of CCHCC, suggesting that obesity and hyperlipidemia are potential risk factors for CCHCC in dogs.

This study was carried out to investigate the resistance phenotypes and resistance genes of Escherichia coli from swine in Guizhou, China. A total of 47 E. coli strains isolated between 2013 and 2018 were tested using the Kirby-Bauer (K-B) method to verify their resistance to 19 common clinical antimicrobials. Five classes consisting of 29 resistance genes were detected using polymerase chain reaction. The status regarding extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) and the relationship between ESBL CTX-M-type β-lactamase genes and plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) genes were analysed. A total of 46 strains (97.9%) were found to be multidrug resistant. Amongst them, 27 strains (57.4%) were resistant to more than eight antimicrobials, and the maximum number of resistant antimicrobial agents was 16. Twenty antibiotic resistance genes were detected, including six β-lactamase genes blaTEM (74.5%), blaCTX-M-9G (29.8%), blaDHA (17.0%), blaCTX-M-1G (10.6%), blaSHV (8.5%), blaOXA (2.1%), five aminoglycoside-modifying enzyme genes aac(3′)-IV (93.6%), aadA1 (78.7%), aadA2 (76.6%), aac(3′)-II c (55.3%), aac(6′)-Ib (2.1%) and five amphenicol resistance genes floR (70.2%), cmlA (53.2%), cat2 (10.6%), cat1 (6.4%), cmlB (2.1%), three PMQR genes qnrS (55.3%), oqxA (53.2%), qepA (27.7%) and polypeptide resistance gene mcr-1 (40.4%). The detection rate of ESBL-positive strains was 80.9% (38/47) and ESBL TEM-type was the most abundant ESBLs. The percentage of the PMQR gene in blaCTX-M-positive strains was high, and the detection rate of blaCTX-M-9G was the highest in CTX-M type. It is clear that multiple drug resistant E. coli is common in healthy swine in this study. Extended-spectrum β-lactamase is very abundant in the E. coli strains isolated from swine and most of them are multiple compound genotypes.

Toxoplasma gondii, an obligate intracellular parasite, is the aetiological agent of toxoplasmosis, a disease that affects approximately 25% - 30% of the world's population. At present, no safe and effective vaccine exists for the prevention of toxoplasmosis. Current treatment options for toxoplasmosis are active only against tachyzoites and may also cause bone marrow toxicity. To contribute to the global search for novel agents for the treatment of toxoplasmosis, we herein report the in vitro activities of previously synthesised benzyltriazole derivatives. The effects of these compounds against T. gondii in vitro were evaluated by using a expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP) type I strain parasite (RH-GFP) and a type II cyst-forming strain of parasite (PruΔku80Δhxgprt). The frontline antitubercular drug isoniazid, designated as Frans J. Smit -isoniazid (FJS-INH), was also included in the screening as a preliminary test in view of future repurposing of this agent. Of the compounds screened, FJS-302, FJS-303, FJS-403 and FJS-INH demonstrated > 80% parasite growth inhibition with IC50 values of 5.6 µg/mL, 6.8 µg/µL, 7.0 µg/mL and 19.8 µg/mL, respectively. FJS-302, FJS-303 and FJS-403 inhibited parasite invasion and replication, whereas, sulphadiazine (SFZ), the positive control, was only effective against parasite replication. In addition, SFZ induced bradyzoite differentiation in vitro, whilst FJS-302, FJS-303 and FJS-403 did not increase the bradyzoite number. These results indicate that FJS-302, FJS-303 and FJS-403 have the potential to act as a viable source of antiparasitic therapeutic agents.

Objective: Newborn calf diarrhea causes significant economic losses. Therefore, this study was aimed to determine the effect of adding probiotics on Total Antioxidant (TAS) and Total Oxidant (TOS) levels in routine treatment of calf diarrhea. Material-Method: The material of the study consisted of 12 calves, routine treatment (Group 1, n=6 calves) and probiotic group. (Group 2; n=6 calves).Results: TAS values increased statistically after treatment (P <0.05) in group 2 compared to pretreatment. Comparison of the groups after treatment revealed that TAS significantly increased (P <0.05) in group 2. While there was no statistical difference in TOS values between the groups a statistically significant increase (P <0.05) was detected after treatment compared to pretreatment.Conclusion: It was concluded that adding probiotics may be useful in addition to routine treatment in newborn calf diarrhea.

To compare the effect of intraperitoneal administered Carvacrol with bevacizumab in an oxygen-induced retinopathy (OIR) model in rats. Twenty-eight newborn rats were included in the study and the OIR model was created with the 50/10% oxygen style. The study consisted of 4 groups and each rat in the groups received an intraperitoneal injection of 0.01 mL once on the postnatal 14th day. While the OIR model was not created in Group I (control group), it was created for Groups II, III, and IV. Groups I and II were injected with 0.9% NaCl solution, Group III with bevacizumab, and Group IV with carvacrol. The rats were sacrificed on the postnatal 18th day.Histopathological and immunohistochemical studies showed that the number of retinal vascular endothelial cells (RVECs) and nuclear factor (NF)-κB levels decreased similarly in Group III and Group IV compared to Group II. RVECs values for Group I, Group II, Group III and Group IV were measured as 1.26±0.80, 27.10±3.63, 7.54±1.38, and 6.22±1.22, respectively and it differed significantly between groups (p<0.001). Likewise, NF-κB levels were recorded as 0.61 ± 0.30, 4.36±0.65, 2.68±0.44, and 2.85±0.58, respectively and it differed significantly between groups (p<0.001). On the other hand, RVECs and NF-κB levels were similar between Group III, and Group IV (p values were 0.58 and 0.91, respectively).The study demonstrated that carvacrol significantly reduced retinal pathological neovascularizations, RVECs, and NF-κB levels. Moreover, the observed effects were comparable to those of bevacizumab.

This study was designed to provide important clinical signs for tracking nerves in the mandible during regional anesthesia in Gurcu goats. Materials and methods: The study was conducted on the mandible bones of ten adult Gurcu goats of both sex (five male and five female). The mandible bone samples of naturally dead Gurcu goat were collected from Kafkas University veterinary faculty education, research, and application farm and processed as per the standard maceration technique. Altogether, 16 measurements were taken in the mandible bones of Gurcu goats by using a digital caliper and the results were expressed as mean and standard deviation.The obtained parameters from the present study can be useful for an extraoral and intraoral approach for nerve block of mental and mandibular nerve in the mandibular regions of Gurcu goat. According to results the mandibular length and height were 158.86±10.37 mm, 89.38±5.81 mm, in females and 198.93±3.85 mm, 114.5±7.29 mm, in males of Gurcu goats, respectively. The distance between the first inferior incisor tooth and mental foramen and to the first premolar tooth was 19.72±2.3, 19.26±0.44 mm in females, and 29.41±6.10, 21.83±1.02 mm, in males, respectively. The present study revealed that all the obtained parameters related to regional anesthesia showed a significant statistical difference (p<0.01**) between the males and females of Gurcu goat.It can be concluded from the present study that the various applied parameters of the present study are thought to assist clinicians in the administration of regional anesthesia in the lower jaw area (mandibular region) of the Gurcu goat.

The aim of this study is to determine the incidences of Malassezia infection and flea allergy in dogs with dermatitis complaints which were brought to veterinarians for examination in Ankara and Kırıkkale provinces. Materials and Methods: The material for this study consists of 40 pet dogs of different breeds genders and ages found in Ankara and Kırıkkale provinces of Turkey. Malassezia examination was conducted by staining smear samples taken with the acetate band method with Modified Wright’s Stain method. Flea existency examination was performed by using a flea comb.Out of the 40 dogs with dermatitis which were included in this study, 6 dogs (15%) were found to have Malassezia infection, 12 dogs (30%) were found to have flea infestation and 4 dogs (10%) were found to have together.In light of the results that were found in this study, Malassezia and flea infestation hold an important place for dogs which were brought with complaints of dermatitis to veterinary clinics for examination in Ankara and Kırıkkale provinces. Clinical veterinarians must keep in mind that, there is high incidence rates of these 2 dermatitis causing agents and also remember to especially consider them in the list of differential diagnosis.