Obesity is the most common nutritional disease in both humans and dogs, currently characterized as a low-intensity inflammatory state. The anthocyanins found in red oranges can assist in combating weight gain and reducing body fat accumulation by reducing lipogenesis and modulating inflammation. This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of standardized dried red orange extract in reducing overweight in obese dogs compared to chromium picolinate and a placebo. In total, 23 animals were used in the current study and divided randomly into three experimental groups. All dogs received the same hypocaloric diet and supplementation: standardized Citrus sinensis red-orange extract (G1, n=9), chromium picolinate (G2, n=7), and a placebo-control group (G3, n=7). The dogs were managed by their owners for 90 days. In the distribution of the body condition score (BCS) determined at the beginning of the study, 47.8% of the animals had BCS of 6; 26.1% had BCS of 7; 8.7% had BCS of 8, and 17.4% had BCS of 9. During the program, most of the owners reported being unable to involve other residents of their households in the dogs\' treatment. At the end of the experiment, the G1 group had a significant reduction in weight and BCS (p

The presence of microorganisms is one of the major factors affecting the quality of smoked fish sold in the open markets. Smoked blue whiting fish (Micromesistius poutasou), commonly called (Panla) sold in the Odeomu market in Osun State, were analyzed for microbial contaminants. Isolates were identified using conventional biochemical methods, and antibiotics susceptibility testing was carried out using the disc diffusion method. The total bacterial counts (TBC) results showed that the fish samples had high bacterial counts, ranging from 2.1×103 to 9.2×103 colony-forming units (CFU)/g. Bacteria isolated from the fish samples were: E. coli (45.46%), Enterobacter spp. (1.01%), Klebsiella spp. (6.06%), Proteus spp. (9.09%), Salmonella spp. (7.07%), Shigella spp. (19.19%), Bacillus spp. (4.04%) and Staphylococcus spp. (8.08%). The antibiotic sensitivity pattern of Gram-Negative bacteria indicated that all the isolates were resistant to more than three antibiotics. All E. coli isolates were resistant to augmentin and ceftazidime, 82.2% were resistant to cefuroxime, 17.7% to gentamicin, and 6.7% to ofloxacin. Screening of resistance genes showed that all six selected multiple antibiotic-resistant E. coli isolates tested harbored TEM gene, and two isolates (33.33%) harbored the aac (3)-II gene. None of the isolates harbored SHV, CTX-M, and qnr B genes. Our results showed that smoked blue whiting fish may pose a significant risk of spreading antibiotic-resistant bacteria that contain multiple antibiotic-resistance genes, highlighting a serious public health concern

Heartwater, one of the major tick-borne diseases of some domestic and wild ruminants in Africa, is caused by Ehrlichia ruminantium. The genetic diversity of E. ruminantium isolates renders the available vaccine ineffective against certain virulent isolates. To better understand the E. ruminantium genotypes in South Africa, a total of 1004 Amblyomma hebraeum tick deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) samples from cattle in three South African provinces were tested by pCS20 Sol1 real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and characterised by multilocus sequence typing (MLST) using five housekeeping genes. Out of 1004 samples tested, 222 (22%) were positive for E. ruminantium. The occurrence of E. ruminantium in Mpumalanga, KwaZulu-Natal and Limpopo provinces was 19%, 22% and 27%, respectively. The E. ruminantium positive samples were screened for housekeeping genes and sequenced. Phylogenetic analysis revealed three main lineages: clade 1 made up of worldwide isolates (eastern, southern Africa, and Caribbean isolates), clade 2 comprised only West African isolates and clade 3 consisted of Omatjenne, Kümm2 and Riverside. Some study sample sequences were not identical to any of the reference isolates. However, they could all be grouped into the worldwide clade. Genetic variation in the sequenced regions was observed in the form of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Using MLST to characterise E. ruminantium field isolates allowed the South African genotypes to be clearly distinguished from the distinct West African isolates. Contribution: Characterisation of E. ruminantium field isolates is important for the control of heartwater and contributes to preliminary knowledge required for the development of a more practical vaccine against heartwater.

Escherichia coli is an important cause of diarrhea in calves and has negative economic effects on the livestock industry worldwide due to high mortality and reduced growth rate. The present study was aimed to investigate the prevalence of E. coli in 120 fecal samples from diarrheic mixed-sex neonatal calves, molecular detection of virulence genes, and antimicrobial resistance testing. The high occurrence of E. coli (90/120; 75%) was detected in diarrheic calves. The molecular detection of virulence genes (iron, papc, asta, iuta, omp, hyl and iuc) showed that the high occurrence of astA (78.8%), iucD (66.6%), and papC (64.4%) genes in examined strains, while only 19 strains devoid of virulence genes. Furthermore, antimicrobial susceptibility testing of E. coli isolates showed absolute resistance to ampicillin (100%), followed by streptomycin (95.5%), tetracycline, sulfonamides, gentamycin and chloramphenicol (77.7% each). In the other hand, strains revealed high rates of susceptibility to ciprofloxacin (80%) and enrofloxacin (77.8%).  The multidrug-resistant (MDR) E. coli strains were determined as 77.7% (70/90) and the most identified antimicrobial resistance patterns in 31 strains was C, S, CN, N, TET, AM, SXT. Also, the identified antibiotypes had MAR index values ranged from 0.1 to 0.9. The results of current study indicate the importance of routine monitoring of E. coli isolated from diarrhetic calves to reduce the transmission to humans and animals as well as to select the most appropriate antibiotics. The antibiograms in our study emphasizes the risks associated with the random use of antibiotics.

Smoked fish roes within cold smoked herring are considered a very popular ready-to-eat food in Egypt. Therefore, the microbial quality of fish roes should be of concern. The purposes of this study were to conduct bacterial analysis and the possibility of detection of foodborne pathogens. With limited application of dry heating at 85°C for 1 and 5 minutes to improve the safety of roes. To study the biogenic amines (BA) including spermine, putrescine, cadaverine, histamine, tyramine, and spermidine in fresh, heated at 85°C for 5 min, and stored at 0°C for 6 months smoked roes. Vibrio spp. including Vibrio vulnificus, Vibrio furnissii, and Vibrio carcbariae were found in 5 samples (9.6%). One Salmonella spp. (1.9%) and one Listeria monocytogenes (1.9%), 4 Staphylococcus aureus (7.7%), and 3 Bacillus cereus (5.8%) pathogens. While Clostridium botulinum (vegetative forms) were not detected. None of the aerobic, anaerobic, or selective bacterial counts existed after heating smoked roes at 85°C for 5 minutes. The average of each BA in all samples was below 3mg/100g, which is less than the 5.0 mg/100g acceptable limit recommended by the US Food and Drug Administration. Histamine and tyramine only appeared after cold storage of roes at 0°C for 6 months. Cold smoked herring roe was low in acidity (pH: 5.92), high in moisture (68.5%), protein (61.37%), and lipid content (28.7%), thus it could support the bacteria growth. Additional measures are needed to reduce the possible health risks for fish roe consumers.

This study was performed for early diagnosis of traumatic reticulitis (TR), traumatic reticuloperitonitis (TRP) and traumatic pericarditis (TP) in buffaloes based on clinical, ultrasonography and biochemical analysis. Fifty-eight buffaloes were admitted to the Veterinary Teaching Hospital at Zagazig University, Egypt. the investigated buffaloes were divided into 4 groups, Group I was the control, group II suffered from TR, group III suffered from TRP, and group IV suffered from TP. The most prominent clinical signs of diseased cases were anorexia, sudden, and severe reduction of milk yield, abnormal ruminal movement varied from ruminal atony and ruminal stasis and recurrent tympany. In addition, buffaloes with TP showed edema at the dewlap, distension of jugular veins and abnormal heart sound (muffled and tinkling sound). Ultrasonographically, peritoneum and pericardium appeared as either mild or massive anechoic accumulations of fluid containing fibrin thread Corrugation of the reticular wall was varied from moderate to severe. Deposits of fibrinous tissue interspersed with fluid pockets were seen between the reticulum, dorsal ruminal sac and diaphragm. Serum troponin I (cTnI) and creatine kinase myocardial band (CK-MB) were significantly higher in the TP group compared with control, TR and TRP groups. Moreover, IL-6, aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) were significantly higher in the TRP and TP group compared with control and TR groups. Therefore, it was concluded that cardiac biomarkers and ultrasonography is an excellent tool for early prediction and diagnosis of TRP and TP in buffaloes. moreover, TP in buffaloes had more significant changes in biochemistry than the TRP buffaloes.

Herbal extracts are potential safe sources of bioactive compounds, antioxidants, antibacterial agents which might be applied in different foods and pharmaceutical products. This study aimed to detect the minimal inhibitory concentrations for antibacterial agents and herbal extracts, Using DAA method (decimal assay for additivity) to determine interaction effect between combination of herbal extracts and antimicrobial agent methods and pathogenicity test of isolated G. anatis. The total incidence of G. anatis was 30% in the examined infected layer chickens. By using antibiotic sensitivity test, the retrieved strains were resistant to doxycycline (98.3%), amoxicillin (95.8%) and gentamycin (95%). But susceptible to erythromycin (95.8%), florfenicol (90%), sulfamethoxazole- trimethoprim (57.5%) and difloxacin (44.17%). The minimum inhibitory concentration of the methanolic herbal extract of rosemary leaves was 64 µg/ml and for Eucalyptus globules was 256 µg/ml, while for cinnamon was 1024 µg/ml. The current study revealed that rosemary gave the best results in combination with amoxicillin at ratios 9:1 and 7:3. Moreover, combination with doxycycline gave acceptable results at ratios 9:1, 8:2 and 7:3 but with florfenicol gave good results at ratios 9:1 and 8:2. Moreover, with erythromycin gave good results at ratios of 9:1 and 8:2. While Eucalyptus  globules mixed with four antibiotics at ratios of 9:1and 8:2 gave the best results with amoxicillin, but for doxycycline was at three ratios (9:1, 8:2 and 7:3). After intra nasal (IN) experimental infection of chicks with Gallibacterium anatis strains, majority of chickens exhibited dullness, depression, decreased feed and water intake, and respiratory signs. Treatment was effective by DAA method by combination between doxycycline and rosemary at ratio 9:1. In addition, combination of amoxicillin and rosemary, between erythromycin with rosemary, and florfenicol with rosemary at 9:1 were very effective.

This novel study was carried out to evaluate the effect of Moringa oleifera leaf extract and leaf powder on the shelf life and safety of fresh oriental sausage. Therefore, 30 fresh oriental sausage samples were made and divided into 3 portions (10 samples of each), one as a control, while the other two portions were prepared with 1% of M. olifera leaf ethanolic extract and 2.5% M. olifera leaf powder. The prepared samples were then stuffed in a natural casing collected from sheep and kept at 4°C to be analyzed for chemical parameters (pH, TVN, and TBA) and bacteriological evaluation (psychrotrophic and Enterobacteriaceae) at the 1st, 3rd, 6th ,9th and 12th days of storage at 4 °C. The addition of different concentrations of M. oleifera significantly (p < 0.05) decreased the chemical parameters and bacterial indices. This study concluded that the addition of 2.5% M. oleifera leaf powder to the fresh oriental sausage has a significant impact on its chemical and bacterial quality, which leads to prolonging the shelf life of the fresh oriental sausage until the 9th day of chilling storage at 4°C.

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of probiotics on the microbial and physiochemical quality of chicken nuggets. In the current investigation, different concentrations of Bacillus clausii and Saccharomyces cerevisae were added as probiotics to chicken nuggets. The proximate composition, physicochemical properties, and microbial quality of prepared chicken nuggets were assessed over 21 days at -18oC. The findings of this investigation demonstrated the ability of probiotics such as Bacillus clausii and Saccharomyces cerevisae to depress the growth and multiplication of aerobic and psychotrophic bacteria as well as the yeast and mold count over the storage period. Varying preparations influenced the mean pH, peroxide, and TBA values during the storage of chicken nuggets (p≤0.05). There was a significant decrease in moisture, protein, fat, and ash content compared to the control. In conclusion, additive supplementation of Bacillus clausii and Saccharomyces cerevisae improved the chicken nuggets' shelf life attributes, physicochemical characteristics, and microbial quality.

Chicken meat is well-thought-out an essential vehicle of foodborne diseases. Consequently, food investigators all over the world have been challenged for seeking safe methods for elimination of food-borne illness from food products of animal origin. Therefore, this study had been carried out to provide an overview about using craneberry as natural preservative for controlling of total aerobic bacterial count and L. monocytogenes in marinated Shish Tawook under chilling storage. Cranberry powder at 50% concentration enhances the flavor, color and tenderness of Shish Tawook samples in compared to control. The results confirmed that adding 50% concentration of cranberry solution significantly (P<0.05) reduce the total aerobic bacterial counts in Shish Tawook samples in compared to adding of cranberry powder or 25% of cranberry solution. adding 50% concentration of cranberry solution significantly (P<0.05) reduce the L. monocytogenes counts in Shish Tawook samples in compared to adding of cranberry powder or 25% of cranberry solution. The results of the current study concluded adding cranberry powder or 25% and 50% cranberry concentrations to Shish Tawook had no adverse effect on the sensory parameters but rather improved those sensory parameters, which led to consumer prefer it. The powder has an inhibitory effect on total aerobic bacterial count to a large extent, protecting the consumer from meat spoilage, while it had a lethal effect on L. monocytogenes, which confirms the safety of the product for human consumption.