Objectives: The current study sought to ascertain the mRNA expression and establish the complementary DNA (cDNA) sequences of pigeon brain’s glutamate receptor 2B of N-methyl-D-aspartate (GluN2B) type. Material and Methods: Adult pigeons (Columba livia; n = 8, sharing an equal number of males and females) were used. After proper anesthesia, the brain was exposed, and small pieces of cerebellum, optic tectum, thalamus, and telencephalon were collected quickly; total ribonucleic acid (RNA) was isolated, and cDNA was synthesized for PCR amplification. The ABI Prism 3100 Genetic Analyzer was used to analyze the sequences of the corresponding cDNA fragments. Results: In RT-PCR, the findings unequivocally demonstrated that the pigeon brain’s cerebellum, optic tectum, thalamus, and telencephalon all expressed the mRNA for GluN2B. The cDNA sequence of pigeon GluN2B was obtained from PCR-amplified products and included 51 base pairs(bp) of the 5’ untranslated region (UTR), a 4,512-bp open reading frame, and 13 bps of the 3’ UTR. Pigeon GluN2B’s cDNA sequencing displayed 85% identity for human GluN2B and 95% identity for chicken. The amino acid sequences encoded by the pigeon GluN2B gene shared between 85% and 97% similarity with those of humans, rats, and mice. Molecular phylogenetic analysis using the neighbor-joining method showed that pigeon GluN2B is closely related to the GluN2B proteins of these other species. Conclusion: The findings suggest that certain neurons in the pigeon brain GluN2B mRNA. They also indicate the presence of various glutamatergic networks and connections within the avian brain. J. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res., 12(2): 427–432, June 2025 http://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2025.l909

Objectives: The current study sought to ascertain the mRNA expression and establish the complementary DNA (cDNA) sequences of pigeon brain's glutamate receptor 2B of N-methyl-D-aspartate (GluN2B) type. Material and Methods: Adult pigeons (Columba livia; n = 8, sharing an equal number of males and females) were used. After proper anesthesia, the brain was exposed, and small pieces of cerebellum, optic tectum, thalamus, and telencephalon were collected quickly; total ribonucleic acid (RNA) was isolated, and cDNA was synthesized for PCR amplification. The ABI Prism 3100 Genetic Analyzer was used to analyze the sequences of the corresponding cDNA fragments. Results: In RT-PCR, the findings unequivocally demonstrated that the pigeon brain's cerebellum, optic tectum, thalamus, and telencephalon all expressed the mRNA for GluN2B. The cDNA sequence of pigeon GluN2B was obtained from PCR-amplified products and included 51 base pairs (bp) of the 5' untranslated region (UTR), a 4,512-bp open reading frame, and 13 bps of the 3' UTR. Pigeon GluN2B's cDNA sequencing displayed 85% identity for human GluN2B and 95% identity for chicken. The amino acid sequences encoded by the pigeon GluN2B gene shared between 85% and 97% similarity with those of humans, rats, and mice. Molecular phylogenetic analysis using the neighbor-joining method showed that pigeon GluN2B is closely related to the GluN2B proteins of these other species. Conclusion: The findings suggest that certain neurons in the pigeon brain produce GluN2B mRNA. They also indicate the presence of various glutamatergic networks and connections within the avian brain. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2025; 12(2.000): 427-432]

Objectives: This study aimed to identify, categorize, and compare gastrointestinal foreign bodies in dogs, with a particular focus on those causing obstruction. The study also sought to distinguish between foreign body occurrences in the esophagus and the stomach, including the types of materials such as bones, plastic bags, fruit seeds, stones, and wires. Methods: A retrospective study was conducted on 261 dogs (151 males and 110 females) with foreign bodies lodged in the esophagus (n = 111) or stomach (n = 150). The sample consisted of 188 small dogs (24 kg). Results: The study’s findings indicate a higher prevalence of gastric foreign bodies (57.47%) compared to esophageal foreign bodies (42.53%). Small breeds dominated esophageal cases (92.79%), with only a small percentage being medium breeds (7.21%). In contrast, gastric cases included a high number of small breeds (56.67%), as well as significant percentages of medium (22.00%) and large breeds (21.33%). Small-breed dogs were more likely to have foreign bodies in the esophagus, while larger dogs (medium and large breeds) were more likely to have them in the stomach (p < 0.001). Distinct material patterns emerged between the esophagus and stomach. Notably, the esophagus showed a higher incidence of bones (61.26%) and dried dog snacks (23.42%) compared to the stomach (2.67% and 0.00%, respectively). Conversely, the stomach exhibited a higher incidence of fabrics (20.00% vs. 1.80%), plant materials (18.67% vs. 4.50%), metallic objects (18.00% vs. 8.11%), rocks (12.67% vs. 0.9%), rubber materials (10.67% vs. 0.00%), plastic materials (6.67% vs. 0.00%), and hairballs (2.67% vs. 0.00%), respectively. A temporal analysis revealed that within the esophagus, 28.83% of cases underwent foreign body removal within 24 h, 56.76% within 2–7 days, and 14.41% after more than 7 days. For foreign bodies within the stomach, removal occurred in 23.33% of cases within 24 h, 30.00% within 2 to 7 days, 22.00% after more than 7 days, and 24.67% at an unknown timing. A total of 111 cases involved foreign bodies lodged in the esophagus, and 150 cases involved items stuck in the stomach. Endoscopic methods were primarily employed to remove foreign bodies, with surgical intervention required for 4 (3.60%) esophageal and 8 (5.30%) gastric cases, including noncrushable bones and resistant items such as rubber ducks. In dogs with complete follow-up, surgical removal of esophageal foreign bodies had a higher mortality rate (3/4, 75.00%) compared with endoscopic removal (3/56, 5.36%) (p < 0.002), while no mortality was observed in dogs with gastric foreign bodies undergoing surgical or endoscopic removal (p = 0.149). Conclusion: Esophageal foreign bodies were primarily composed of bones and dried dog snacks, while gastric foreign bodies more often contained fabrics, plant materials, and metallic objects. These composition differences highlight the need for site-specific management strategies. J. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res., 12(2): 601–609, June 2025 http://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2025.l924

Objectives: This study aimed to identify, categorize, and compare gastrointestinal foreign bodies in dogs, with a particular focus on those causing obstruction. The study also sought to distinguish between foreign body occurrences in the esophagus and the stomach, including the types of materials such as bones, plastic bags, fruit seeds, stones, and wires. Methods: A retrospective study was conducted on 261 dogs (151 males and 110 females) with foreign bodies lodged in the esophagus (n = 111) or stomach (n = 150). The sample consisted of 188 small dogs (24 kg). Results: The study‘s findings indicate a higher prevalence of gastric foreign bodies (57.47%) compared to esophageal foreign bodies (42.53%). Small breeds dominated esophageal cases (92.79%), with only a small percentage being medium breeds (7.21%). In contrast, gastric cases included a high number of small breeds (56.67%), as well as significant percentages of medium (22.00%) and large breeds (21.33%). Small-breed dogs were more likely to have foreign bodies in the esophagus, while larger dogs (medium and large breeds) were more likely to have them in the stomach (p < 0.001). Distinct material patterns emerged between the esophagus and stomach. Notably, the esophagus showed a higher incidence of bones (61.26%) and dried dog snacks (23.42%) compared to the stomach (2.67% and 0.00%, respectively). Conversely, the stomach exhibited a higher incidence of fabrics (20.00% vs. 1.80%), plant materials (18.67% vs. 4.50%), metallic objects (18.00% vs. 8.11%), rocks (12.67% vs. 0.9%), rubber materials (10.67% vs. 0.00%), plastic materials (6.67% vs. 0.00%), and hairballs (2.67% vs. 0.00%), respectively. A temporal analysis revealed that within the esophagus, 28.83% of cases underwent foreign body removal within 24 h, 56.76% within 2–7 days, and 14.41% after more than 7 days. For foreign bodies within the stomach, removal occurred in 23.33% of cases within 24 h, 30.00% within 2 to 7 days, 22.00% after more than 7 days, and 24.67% at an unknown timing. A total of 111 cases involved foreign bodies lodged in the esophagus, and 150 cases involved items stuck in the stomach. Endoscopic methods were primarily employed to remove foreign bodies, with surgical intervention required for 4 (3.60%) esophageal and 8 (5.30%) gastric cases, including noncrushable bones and resistant items such as rubber ducks. In dogs with complete follow-up, surgical removal of esophageal foreign bodies had a higher mortality rate (3/4, 75.00%) compared with endoscopic removal (3/56, 5.36%) (p < 0.002), while no mortality was observed in dogs with gastric foreign bodies undergoing surgical or endoscopic removal (p = 0.149). Conclusion: Esophageal foreign bodies were primarily composed of bones and dried dog snacks, while gastric foreign bodies more often contained fabrics, plant materials, and metallic objects. These composition differences highlight the need for site-specific management strategies. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2025; 12(2.000): 601-609]

Objective: This research investigated the antibacterial properties of coated silver nanoparticles (CAgNPs) and non-coated silver nanoparticles (NCAgNPs) against bacterial pathogens relevant to Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), using both in vitro and in vivo methods. Materials and Methods: The antibacterial activity of CAgNPs and NCAgNPs was evaluated in vitro against seven bacterial pathogens: Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli, Aeromonas hydrophila, Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella enterica, and Aeromonas sobria. For the in vivo assessment, 200 Nile tilapia were divided into five treatment groups. The control treatment group was fed a standard diet, but the four treatment groups were fed the standard diet mixed with either 100 or 200 mg/kg of CAgNPs or NCAgNPs, respectively, and the growth indices, antioxidant parameters, immune functions, and intestinal microbiota were assessed. When the experiment was finished, 20 fish of every group were infected with A. hydrophila. Results: In vitro assays demonstrated significant antibacterial activity of both CAgNPs and NCAgNPs at 200 µg/ml (p < 0.05) against every bacterial strain that was studied, with moderate activity observed at 100 µg/ml. CAgNPs exhibited larger inhibition zones (30.0 ± 0.58 mm to 36.33 ± 0.88 mm) compared to NCAgNPs, with a minimum inhibitory concentration of 150 µg/ ml. Dietary supplementation with 200 mg/kg CAgNPs improved growth performance, enhanced immune parameters, reduced oxidative stress, and decreased intestinal bacterial load in Nile tilapia. Furthermore, dietary supplementation with 100 mg/kg CAgNPs was more efficient than 100 mg/kg NCAgNPs in reducing intestinal bacterial colonization in fish. Conclusion: These findings indicate the possibility of CAgNPs as an efficient antimicrobial factor in aquaculture. CAgNPs may offer a promising alternative to conventional antibiotics by improving tilapia health and antioxidant status, enhancing immune function, and increasing disease resistance. J. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res., 12(2): 647–660, June 2025 http://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2025.l928

Objective: This research investigated the antibacterial properties of coated silver nanoparticles (CAgNPs) and non-coated silver nanoparticles (NCAgNPs) against bacterial pathogens relevant to Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), using both in vitro and in vivo methods. Materials and Methods: The antibacterial activity of CAgNPs and NCAgNPs was evaluated in vitro against seven bacterial pathogens: Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli, Aeromonas hydrophila, Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella enterica, and Aeromonas sobria. For the in vivo assessment, 200 Nile tilapia were divided into five treatment groups. The control treatment group was fed a standard diet, but the four treatment groups were fed the standard diet mixed with either 100 or 200 mg/kg of CAgNPs or NCAgNPs, respectively, and the growth indices, antioxidant parameters, immune functions, and intestinal microbiota were assessed. When the experiment was finished, 20 fish of every group were infected with A. hydrophila. Results: In vitro assays demonstrated significant antibacterial activity of both CAgNPs and NCAgNPs at 200 µg/ml (p < 0.05) against every bacterial strain that was studied, with moderate activity observed at 100 µg/ml. CAgNPs exhibited larger inhibition zones (30.0 ± 0.58 mm to 36.33 ± 0.88 mm) compared to NCAgNPs, with a minimum inhibitory concentration of 150 µg/ml. Dietary supplementation with 200 mg/kg CAgNPs improved growth performance, enhanced immune parameters, reduced oxidative stress, and decreased intestinal bacterial load in Nile tilapia. Furthermore, dietary supplementation with 100 mg/kg CAgNPs was more efficient than 100 mg/kg NCAgNPs in reducing intestinal bacterial colonization in fish. Conclusion: These findings indicate the possibility of CAgNPs as an efficient antimicrobial factor in aquaculture. CAgNPs may offer a promising alternative to conventional antibiotics by improving tilapia health and antioxidant status, enhancing immune function, and increasing disease resistance. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2025; 12(2.000): 647-660]

Objective: This study aimed to assess the impact of different rearing site zones with varying temperature–humidity index (THI) on the metabolic regulation of lactating local dairy cows. Materials and Methods: Forty local dairy cows were used in this study, consisting of 20 in rearing sites with THI 66–70 (Pangalengan) and 78–82 (Sumedang), at 950 and 550 m above sea level, respectively. Basal rations were given every morning and evening, consisting of forage and concentrate. Temperature and humidity were recorded daily to determine the average daily THI. Blood samples in both groups of experimental animals were collected according to standard procedures every month during the 4 months of the experiment. Blood analysis followed procedures based on protocols from KIT Randox (UK), using a spectrophotometer. Results: Lipid activity and regulation appeared higher (p < 0.05) in the group of lactating dairy cows kept at THI comfort zone 66–70 than at THI slight stress zone (78–82). Similarly, blood lipid levels were better (p < 0.05) in the cows in the comfort zone (66–70). Conclusion: The study’s results on the impact of the rearing zone of lactating local dairy cows appeared to affect the modulation of lipids in the body. Lipogenesis regulation and metabolism showed higher activity in the group of dairy cows reared in the comfort zone (THI = 66–70) compared to the group of dairy cows reared in the discomfort zone. J. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res., 12(2): 661–667, June 2025 http://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2025.l929

Objective: This study aimed to assess the impact of different rearing site zones with varying temperature– humidity index (THI) on the metabolic regulation of lactating local dairy cows. Materials and Methods: Forty local dairy cows were used in this study, consisting of 20 in rearing sites with THI 66–70 (Pangalengan) and 78–82 (Sumedang), at 950 and 550 m above sea level, respectively. Basal rations were given every morning and evening, consisting of forage and concentrate. Temperature and humidity were recorded daily to determine the average daily THI. Blood samples in both groups of experimental animals were collected according to standard procedures every month during the 4 months of the experiment. Blood analysis followed procedures based on protocols from KIT Randox (UK), using a spectrophotometer. Results: Lipid activity and regulation appeared higher (p < 0.05) in the group of lactating dairy cows kept at THI comfort zone 66–70 than at THI slight stress zone (78–82). Similarly, blood lipid levels were better (p < 0.05) in the cows in the comfort zone (66–70). Conclusion: The study's results on the impact of the rearing zone of lactating local dairy cows appeared to affect the modulation of lipids in the body. Lipogenesis regulation and metabolism showed higher activity in the group of dairy cows reared in the comfort zone (THI = 66–70) compared to the group of dairy cows reared in the discomfort zone. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2025; 12(2.000): 661-667]

Objective: Cannabis sativa L. is aware of a rich source of bioactive substances with various structures that exhibit pharmacological activity in the central nervous system, cardiovascular, cerebrovascular, respiratory, reproductive, and gastrointestinal systems. Materials and Methods: In this study, cannabis sugar leaves were soaked in 99% ethanol, followed by evaporation. The antibacterial effect of the cannabis sugar leaf extract was then evaluated using the disc diffusion method. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were determined using broth dilution. Results: The results of this study indicated that the cannabis sugar leaf extract inhibited Bacillus cereus, Vibrio cholerae, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Staphylococcus epidermidis when compared to tetracycline, but it did not inhibit Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The MIC and MBC of the cannabis sugar leaves extract against B. cereus, V. cholerae, E. coli, S. aureus, and S. epidermidis were 0.977, 1.953, 31.25, 62.5, 125, 250, 250, 500, 250, and 500 mg/ml, respectively. The bioactive compounds in cannabis sugar leaf extract were identified using high-performance liquid chromatography. Conclusion: The results indicated that the major bioactive compounds were Δ-9- tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD). While minor bioactive compounds included gallic acid and tannic acid. These results support the benefits of cannabis sugar leaf extract, which has been used for its pharmacological properties and may be useful as an alternative antimicrobial agent in medicine. J. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res., 12(1): 44–52, March 2025 http://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2025.l870

Objective: Cannabis sativa L. is aware of a rich source of bioactive substances with various struc¬tures that exhibit pharmacological activity in the central nervous system, cardiovascular, cerebro¬vascular, respiratory, reproductive, and gastrointestinal systems. Materials and Methods: In this study, cannabis sugar leaves were soaked in 99% ethanol, followed by evaporation. The antibacterial effect of the cannabis sugar leaf extract was then evaluated using the disc diffusion method. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were determined using broth dilution. Results: The results of this study indicated that the cannabis sugar leaf extract inhibited Bacillus cereus, Vibrio cholerae, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Staphylococcus epidermidis when compared to tetracycline, but it did not inhibit Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The MIC and MBC of the cannabis sugar leaves extract against B. cereus, V. cholerae, E. coli, S. aureus, and S. epidermidis were 0.977, 1.953, 31.25, 62.5, 125, 250, 250, 500, 250, and 500 mg/ml, respectively. The bioactive compounds in cannabis sugar leaf extract were identified using high-performance liquid chromatography. Conclusion: The results indicated that the major bioactive compounds were Δ-9- tetrahydrocan-nabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD). While minor bioactive compounds included gallic acid and tannic acid. These results support the benefits of cannabis sugar leaf extract, which has been used for its pharmacological properties and may be useful as an alternative antimicrobial agent in medicine. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2025; 12(1.000): 44-52]

Objective: The increasing antibiotic resistance in poultry pathogens presents a significant public health risk, leading to the exploration of effective alternatives in broiler feed, particularly probiotics such as Bacillus subtilis. This study aimed to isolate B. subtilis strains from indigenous chicken feces that can inhibit Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium strains, common causes of diarrhea in poultry. Materials and Methods: Bacillus strains were isolated from chicken feces and screened for antibacterial activity using an agar well diffusion assay. Bacillus strains were identified via 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Their probiotic potential was assessed through in vitro assays measuring extracellular enzyme production, adhesion properties, and resilience to acidic and bile salt conditions. Freeze-drying techniques were applied to evaluate strain viability and stability. In vivo studies determined the colonization ability of selected strains in the chicken intestine. Results: From 121 B. subtilis isolates, six B. subtilis strains demonstrated notable antibacterial activity against both E. coli and S. typhimurium. Five strains were confirmed as B. subtilis through sequencing. Based on their probiotic attributes, B. subtilis H1 and B. subtilis BSn5 were identified as the most promising candidates. Notably, B. subtilis BSn5 exhibited stable viability when freeze dried, surviving for up to two months, and successfully colonized the chicken intestinal tract in vivo. Conclusion: These findings indicate that B. subtilis BSn5 may serve as a viable probiotic alternative to antibiotics in poultry, with regular supplementation necessary to sustain its benefits. J. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res., 12(1): 53–63, March 2025 http://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2025.l871

Objective: The increasing antibiotic resistance in poultry pathogens presents a significant public health risk, leading to the exploration of effective alternatives in broiler feed, particularly probiotics such as Bacillus subtilis. This study aimed to isolate B. subtilis strains from indigenous chicken feces that can inhibit Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium strains, common causes of diarrhea in poultry. Materials and Methods: Bacillus strains were isolated from chicken feces and screened for antibacterial activity using an agar well diffusion assay. Bacillus strains were identified via 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Their probiotic potential was assessed through in vitro assays measuring extracellular enzyme production, adhesion properties, and resilience to acidic and bile salt conditions. Freeze-drying techniques were applied to evaluate strain viability and stability. In vivo studies determined the colonization ability of selected strains in the chicken intestine. Results: From 121 B. subtilis isolates, six B. subtilis strains demonstrated notable antibacterial activity against both E. coli and S. typhimurium. Five strains were confirmed as B. subtilis through sequencing. Based on their probiotic attributes, B. subtilis H1 and B. subtilis BSn5 were identified as the most promising candidates. Notably, B. subtilis BSn5 exhibited stable viability when freeze-dried, surviving for up to two months, and successfully colonized the chicken intestinal tract in vivo. Conclusion: These findings indicate that B. subtilis BSn5 may serve as a viable probiotic alternative to antibiotics in poultry, with regular supplementation necessary to sustain its benefits. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2025; 12(1.000): 53-63]

Objective: A cross-sectional study was conducted to reveal the hematology, serum biochemistry, and reproductive behavior of free-roaming cats in the Sylhet Division of Bangladesh. Materials and Methods: Overall, 130 free-roaming cats were captured, of which 52 were Tom (male), 69 were Queen (female), and 9 were kittens. Regarding their ages, the cats were divided into three groups: <1 year as kittens, 1 to 2 years as young, and adults over two years. Thirty blood samples were drawn from the cephalic or saphenous veins of the hind leg for hematological and serum biochemical analysis. Results: The findings revealed that the average hemoglobin concentration was significantly higher in kittens than in young and adult cats (p <1 year as kittens, 1 to 2 years as young, and adults over two years. Thirty blood samples were drawn from the cephalic or saphenous veins of the hind leg for hematological and serum biochemical analysis. Results: The findings revealed that the average hemoglobin concentration was significantly higher in kittens than in young and adult cats (p >< 0.05). In comparison to young and adult cats, kittens had considerably greater red blood cell, packed cell volume, mean corpuscular volume, and platelet counts, whereas mature cats had much higher white blood cell counts. The number of lymphocytes and monocytes was shown to be non-significant, while other components, such as neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils, varied considerably by age group. Rural cats showed significantly (p < 0.05) higher alanine transaminase and aspartate aminotransferase, whereas urban cats showed higher serum glucose (p < 0.001). The duration of the cat’s estrous cycle was (5.63 ± 1.75) days, as were the inter-estrous phase’s length (7 days), gestation time (66.6 days), and queening rate (65.2). There were 3.92 ± 0.55 kittens per litter. Males reached puberty at a young age of 9.3 months, while females did so at 8.3 months. Conclusion: These findings may contribute to the growing body of research on free-roaming cat populations, which is important for understanding the ecology and behavior of these cats and constructing strategies for their conservation and welfare. J. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res., 12(1): 70–79, March 2025 http://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2025.l873

Objective: A cross-sectional study was conducted to reveal the hematology, serum biochemistry, and reproductive behavior of free-roaming cats in the Sylhet Division of Bangladesh. Materials and Methods: Overall, 130 free-roaming cats were captured, of which 52 were Tom (male), 69 were Queen (female), and 9 were kittens. Regarding their ages, the cats were divided into three groups: [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2025; 12(1.000): 70-79]