Recent studies have identified wing cells, a substructure of the wing, as carrying taxonomic signals across various mosquito genera. However, the presence of a taxonomic signal in the wing cells of the genus Lutzia (Diptera: Culicidae) has not yet been confirmed. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of the outline-based geometric morphometric (GM) approach in distinguishing Lutzia species found in Thailand, namely Lutzia chiangmaiensis, Lutzia fuscana, Lutzia halifaxii, and Lutzia vorax. Materials and Methods: The outline-based geometric morphometrics was employed to analyze four wing elements: the wing contour, the second submarginal cell, the first posterior cell, and the third posterior cell. Results: In the size analysis, Lt. vorax consistently exhibited significantly larger wing elements compared to the other species (p < 0.05). The factor maps based on discriminant analysis for the wing elements among the species indicated that most groups overlapped in morphospace. However, for the third posterior cell, the Lt. vorax group presented a more distinct shape. While shape analysis detected significant differences between almost all species pairs (p < 0.05), there was an exception between Lt. halifaxii and Lt. chiangmaiensis in the first posterior cell (p > 0.05). Additionally, shape analysis further indicated that the third posterior cell achieved the highest percentage of correct classifications, with an adjusted total assignment accuracy of 71%. Conclusion: This finding reveals a significant taxonomic signal in the third posterior cell, suggesting that the outline-based GM approach can effectively complement the landmark-based GM approach in distinguishing Lutzia species. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2025; 12(2.000): 516-528]

Recent studies have identified wing cells, a substructure of the wing, as carrying taxonomic signals across various mosquito genera. However, the presence of a taxonomic signal in the wing cells of the genus Lutzia (Diptera: Culicidae) has not yet been confirmed. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of the outline-based geometric morphometric (GM) approach in distinguishing Lutzia species found in Thailand, namely Lutzia chiangmaiensis, Lutzia fuscana, Lutzia halifaxii, and Lutzia vorax. Materials and Methods: The outline-based geometric morphometrics was employed to analyze four wing elements: the wing contour, the second submarginal cell, the first posterior cell, and the third posterior cell. Results: In the size analysis, Lt. vorax consistently exhibited significantly larger wing elements compared to the other species (p < 0.05). The factor maps based on discriminant analysis for the wing elements among the species indicated that most groups overlapped in morphospace. However, for the third posterior cell, the Lt. vorax group presented a more distinct shape. While shape analysis detected significant differences between almost all species pairs (p < 0.05), there was an exception between Lt. halifaxii and Lt. chiangmaiensis in the first posterior cell (p > 0.05). Additionally, shape analysis further indicated that the third posterior cell achieved the highest percentage of correct classifications, with an adjusted total assignment accuracy of 71%. Conclusion: This finding reveals a significant taxonomic signal in the third posterior cell, suggesting that the outline-based GM approach can effectively complement the landmark-based GM approach in distinguishing Lutzia species. J. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res., 12(2): 516–528, June 2025 http://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2025.l916

Objective: Antibiotic resistance is a worldwide health challenge. Close interaction with dogs carrying antibiotic-resistant zoonotic agents poses a risk to human health. The present study aimed to characterize antibiotic-resistant Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) isolated from dogs in Southern Benin. Materials and methods: A total of 336 swabs (112 buccal, 112 nasal, and 112 rectal) from 112 dogs living in the communes of Abomey-Calavi and Cotonou were analyzed for E. coli and S. aureus presence. Bacterial isolates were tested for antibiotic (penicillins, tetracyclines, aminoglycosides, cephalosporins, sulfonamides, and macrolides) susceptibility using the disc diffusion method, and antibiotic-resistant strains were characterized by the polymerase chain reaction method. Results: A 41.07% and 20.53% of dogs harbored E. coli and S. aureus, respectively. Escherichia coli and S. aureus isolates showed resistance to penicillin (100% and 81.48%), tetracycline (44.64% and 59.26%), and other antimicrobials tested. Escherichia coli isolates harbored resistance genes blaTEM (63.46%), tetA (62.50%), and strA-strB (55.56%). tetK (100%), tetM (100%), and blaZ (82.61%) were present in S. aureus isolates. Escherichia coli strains harbored virulence genes fimH (61.54%), kpsMTII (26.92%), fyuA (19.23%), and eae (1.92%), whereas 20.83% of S. aureus strains harbored pvl and fnbA. Conclusion: The results of the current study reveal the urgent need for stricter controls on antibiotic use. Implementing guidelines, responsible prescribing, and increasing public awareness are crucial steps to address this problem. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2025; 12(2.000): 396-419]

Objective: Antibiotic resistance is a worldwide health challenge. Close interaction with dogs carrying antibiotic-resistant zoonotic agents poses a risk to human health. The present study aimed to characterize antibiotic-resistant Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) isolated from dogs in Southern Benin. Materials and methods: A total of 336 swabs (112 buccal, 112 nasal, and 112 rectal) from 112 dogs living in the communes of Abomey-Calavi and Cotonou were analyzed for E. coli and S. aureus presence. Bacterial isolates were tested for antibiotic (penicillins, tetracyclines, aminoglycosides, cephalosporins, sulfonamides, and macrolides) susceptibility using the disc diffusion method, and antibiotic-resistant strains were characterized by the polymerase chain reaction method. Results: A 41.07% and 20.53% of dogs harbored E. coli and S. aureus, respectively. Escherichia coli and S. aureus isolates showed resistance to penicillin (100% and 81.48%), tetracycline (44.64% and 59.26%), and other antimicrobials tested. Escherichia coli isolates harbored resistance genes blaTEM (63.46%), tetA (62.50%), and strA-strB (55.56%). tetK (100%), tetM (100%), and blaZ (82.61%) were present in S. aureus isolates. Escherichia coli strains harbored virulence genes fimH (61.54%), kpsMTII (26.92%), fyuA (19.23%), and eae (1.92%), whereas 20.83% of S. aureus strains harbored pvl and fnbA. Conclusion: The results of the current study reveal the urgent need for stricter controls on antibiotic use. Implementing guidelines, responsible prescribing, and increasing public awareness are crucial steps to address this problem. J. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res., 12(2): 396–419, June 2025 http://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2025.l907

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the effects of plant extracts from desert species on egg-hatching inhibition (EHI) and larval mortality of gastrointestinal nematodes (GINs) in cattle under in vitro conditions. Materials and Methods: Hydro-alcoholic extracts of tasajillo [Cylindropuntia leptocaulis (DC) F.M. Kunth], coyonoxtle [Cylindropuntia imbricata (Haw) F.M. Kunth], mariola (Parthenium incanum Kunth), and mesquite [Neltuma juliflora (Sw.) Raf.] were tested. GIN eggs and infective larvae were exposed to the plant extracts in decreasing doses, and the median lethal dose50 (LD50) and maximum lethal dose99 (LD99) were calculated using the SAS PROBIT procedure. Results: The C. imbricata extract demonstrated the highest EHI at a small LD50 (2.31 mg/ml) and achieved 100% larval mortality at a 5.8 mg/ml concentration. The P. incanum extract showed the highest larval mortality at the LD99 (6.50 mg/ml), although N. juliflora had the lowest LD50. However, the N. juliflora pod extract was the least effective overall. These findings indicate that C. imbricata was the most effective extract for inhibiting egg hatching, while P. incanum was the most effective for promoting larval mortality under in vitro conditions. Conclusion: The small doses used against eggs and larvae of nematode parasites suggest that wild desert plants could provide a viable and ecological alternative for the in vitro control of GINs in cattle. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2025; 12(2.000): 529-538]

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the effects of plant extracts from desert species on egg-hatching inhibition (EHI) and larval mortality of gastrointestinal nematodes (GINs) in cattle under in vitro conditions. Materials and Methods: Hydro-alcoholic extracts of tasajillo [Cylindropuntia leptocaulis (DC) F.M. Kunth], coyonoxtle [Cylindropuntia imbricata (Haw) F.M. Kunth], mariola (Parthenium incanum Kunth), and mesquite [Neltuma juliflora (Sw.) Raf.] were tested. GIN eggs and infective larvae were exposed to the plant extracts in decreasing doses, and the median lethal dose50 (LD50) and maximum lethal dose99 (LD99) were calculated using the SAS PROBIT procedure. Results: The C. imbricata extract demonstrated the highest EHI at a small LD50 (2.31 mg/ml) and achieved 100% larval mortality at a 5.8 mg/ml concentration. The P. incanum extract showed the highest larval mortality at the LD99 (6.50 mg/ml), although N. juliflora had the lowest LD50. However, the N. juliflora pod extract was the least effective overall. These findings indicate that C. imbricata was the most effective extract for inhibiting egg hatching, while P. incanum was the most effective for promoting larval mortality under in vitro conditions. Conclusion: The small doses used against eggs and larvae of nematode parasites suggest that wild desert plants could provide a viable and ecological alternative for the in vitro control of GINs in cattle. J. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res., 12(2): 529–538, June 2025 http://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2025.l917

Objective: To describe the clinical presentation, diagnostic imaging findings, and management of a rare case of bilateral temporomandibular joint (TMJ) ankylosis combined with dysplasia in a cat. Materials and Methods: A 4-month-old Bombay male cat, normally immunized and dewormed. Radiographic studies: Details of imaging techniques used to diagnose TMJ ankylosis and dysplasia: computed tomography (CT) scans were used to visualize the joint structures in greater detail using CT. Results: Out of the 21 blood biochemical abnormalities found in the laboratory test, creatinine, albumin, albumin/globulin, and total cholesterol all showed a significant decrease. The levels of phosphorus and α-amylase were marginally elevated. A three-dimensional CT scan revealed a malformed fusion of the right TMJ zygomatic arch and bilateral mandibular coronal process. Both TMJ dysplasia and ankylosis were discovered by the biochemical and physical 3-dimensional CT scans. Conclusion: The findings underscore the importance of a thorough clinical examination and imaging studies to assess the extent of the ankylosis and any associated dysplastic changes. This case emphasizes the need for increased awareness of TMJ disorders in felines and encourages further research into effective treatment protocols. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2025; 12(2.000): 321-326]

Objective: To describe the clinical presentation, diagnostic imaging findings, and management of a rare case of bilateral temporomandibular joint (TMJ) ankylosis combined with dysplasia in a cat. Materials and Methods: A 4-month-old Bombay male cat, normally immunized and dewormed. Radiographic studies: Details of imaging techniques used to diagnose TMJ ankylosis and dysplasia: computed tomography (CT) scans were used to visualize the joint structures in greater detail using CT. Results: Out of the 21 blood biochemical abnormalities found in the laboratory test, creatinine, albumin, albumin/globulin, and total cholesterol all showed a significant decrease. The levels of phosphorus and α-amylase were marginally elevated. A three-dimensional CT scan revealed a malformed fusion of the right TMJ zygomatic arch and bilateral mandibular coronal process. Both TMJ dysplasia and ankylosis were discovered by the biochemical and physical 3-dimensional CT scans. Conclusion: The findings underscore the importance of a thorough clinical examination and imaging studies to assess the extent of the ankylosis and any associated dysplastic changes. This case emphasizes the need for increased awareness of TMJ disorders in felines and encourages further research into effective treatment protocols. J. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res., 12(2): 321–326, June 2025 http://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2025.l899 

Objective: The objective of this investigation was to identify and detect the reassortant infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) strain from broiler farms suspected of being infected. Materials and Methods: The broiler yielded 72 samples, including the spleen and bursa of Fabricius. The tissues underwent histological examination before being used in a typical PCR molecular investigation. Results: The strain was subsequently termed IBDV ASPVB. The IBDV ASPVB strain in Iraq has been identified as a novel reassortant strain based on the results of PCR, sequencing, and phylogenetic analysis of partial segments A and B. Segment A of this strain is derived from the highly pathogenic IBDV strain. In contrast, segment B is derived from other field reassortant strains. Infection with this strain might result in minor clinical symptoms but substantial damage to lymphoid organs, leading to compromised immunological responses. Conclusion: As a result of ongoing evolution, this study demonstrates that IBDV in Iraq exhibits a wide range of histological, genetic, and phenotypic variation; to our knowledge, this paper represents the first report of reassortant IBDV in Iraq. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2025; 12(2.000): 385-395]

Objective: The objective of this investigation was to identify and detect the reassortant infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) strain from broiler farms suspected of being infected. Materials and Methods: The broiler yielded 72 samples, including the spleen and bursa of Fabricius. The tissues underwent histological examination before being used in a typical PCR molecular investigation. Results: The strain was subsequently termed IBDV ASPVB. The IBDV ASPVB strain in Iraq has been identified as a novel reassortant strain based on the results of PCR, sequencing, and phylogenetic analysis of partial segments A and B. Segment A of this strain is derived from the highly pathogenic IBDV strain. In contrast, segment B is derived from other field reassortant strains. Infection with this strain might result in minor clinical symptoms but substantial damage to lymphoid organs, leading to compromised immunological responses. Conclusion: As a result of ongoing evolution, this study demonstrates that IBDV in Iraq exhibits a wide range of histological, genetic, and phenotypic variation; to our knowledge, this paper represents the first report of reassortant IBDV in Iraq.  J. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res., 12(2): 385–395, June 2025 http://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2025.l906

Objectives: This study aimed to identify, categorize, and compare gastrointestinal foreign bodies in dogs, with a particular focus on those causing obstruction. The study also sought to distinguish between foreign body occurrences in the esophagus and the stomach, including the types of materials such as bones, plastic bags, fruit seeds, stones, and wires. Methods: A retrospective study was conducted on 261 dogs (151 males and 110 females) with foreign bodies lodged in the esophagus (n = 111) or stomach (n = 150). The sample consisted of 188 small dogs (24 kg). Results: The study‘s findings indicate a higher prevalence of gastric foreign bodies (57.47%) compared to esophageal foreign bodies (42.53%). Small breeds dominated esophageal cases (92.79%), with only a small percentage being medium breeds (7.21%). In contrast, gastric cases included a high number of small breeds (56.67%), as well as significant percentages of medium (22.00%) and large breeds (21.33%). Small-breed dogs were more likely to have foreign bodies in the esophagus, while larger dogs (medium and large breeds) were more likely to have them in the stomach (p < 0.001). Distinct material patterns emerged between the esophagus and stomach. Notably, the esophagus showed a higher incidence of bones (61.26%) and dried dog snacks (23.42%) compared to the stomach (2.67% and 0.00%, respectively). Conversely, the stomach exhibited a higher incidence of fabrics (20.00% vs. 1.80%), plant materials (18.67% vs. 4.50%), metallic objects (18.00% vs. 8.11%), rocks (12.67% vs. 0.9%), rubber materials (10.67% vs. 0.00%), plastic materials (6.67% vs. 0.00%), and hairballs (2.67% vs. 0.00%), respectively. A temporal analysis revealed that within the esophagus, 28.83% of cases underwent foreign body removal within 24 h, 56.76% within 2–7 days, and 14.41% after more than 7 days. For foreign bodies within the stomach, removal occurred in 23.33% of cases within 24 h, 30.00% within 2 to 7 days, 22.00% after more than 7 days, and 24.67% at an unknown timing. A total of 111 cases involved foreign bodies lodged in the esophagus, and 150 cases involved items stuck in the stomach. Endoscopic methods were primarily employed to remove foreign bodies, with surgical intervention required for 4 (3.60%) esophageal and 8 (5.30%) gastric cases, including noncrushable bones and resistant items such as rubber ducks. In dogs with complete follow-up, surgical removal of esophageal foreign bodies had a higher mortality rate (3/4, 75.00%) compared with endoscopic removal (3/56, 5.36%) (p < 0.002), while no mortality was observed in dogs with gastric foreign bodies undergoing surgical or endoscopic removal (p = 0.149). Conclusion: Esophageal foreign bodies were primarily composed of bones and dried dog snacks, while gastric foreign bodies more often contained fabrics, plant materials, and metallic objects. These composition differences highlight the need for site-specific management strategies. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2025; 12(2.000): 601-609]

Objectives: This study aimed to identify, categorize, and compare gastrointestinal foreign bodies in dogs, with a particular focus on those causing obstruction. The study also sought to distinguish between foreign body occurrences in the esophagus and the stomach, including the types of materials such as bones, plastic bags, fruit seeds, stones, and wires. Methods: A retrospective study was conducted on 261 dogs (151 males and 110 females) with foreign bodies lodged in the esophagus (n = 111) or stomach (n = 150). The sample consisted of 188 small dogs (24 kg). Results: The study’s findings indicate a higher prevalence of gastric foreign bodies (57.47%) compared to esophageal foreign bodies (42.53%). Small breeds dominated esophageal cases (92.79%), with only a small percentage being medium breeds (7.21%). In contrast, gastric cases included a high number of small breeds (56.67%), as well as significant percentages of medium (22.00%) and large breeds (21.33%). Small-breed dogs were more likely to have foreign bodies in the esophagus, while larger dogs (medium and large breeds) were more likely to have them in the stomach (p < 0.001). Distinct material patterns emerged between the esophagus and stomach. Notably, the esophagus showed a higher incidence of bones (61.26%) and dried dog snacks (23.42%) compared to the stomach (2.67% and 0.00%, respectively). Conversely, the stomach exhibited a higher incidence of fabrics (20.00% vs. 1.80%), plant materials (18.67% vs. 4.50%), metallic objects (18.00% vs. 8.11%), rocks (12.67% vs. 0.9%), rubber materials (10.67% vs. 0.00%), plastic materials (6.67% vs. 0.00%), and hairballs (2.67% vs. 0.00%), respectively. A temporal analysis revealed that within the esophagus, 28.83% of cases underwent foreign body removal within 24 h, 56.76% within 2–7 days, and 14.41% after more than 7 days. For foreign bodies within the stomach, removal occurred in 23.33% of cases within 24 h, 30.00% within 2 to 7 days, 22.00% after more than 7 days, and 24.67% at an unknown timing. A total of 111 cases involved foreign bodies lodged in the esophagus, and 150 cases involved items stuck in the stomach. Endoscopic methods were primarily employed to remove foreign bodies, with surgical intervention required for 4 (3.60%) esophageal and 8 (5.30%) gastric cases, including noncrushable bones and resistant items such as rubber ducks. In dogs with complete follow-up, surgical removal of esophageal foreign bodies had a higher mortality rate (3/4, 75.00%) compared with endoscopic removal (3/56, 5.36%) (p < 0.002), while no mortality was observed in dogs with gastric foreign bodies undergoing surgical or endoscopic removal (p = 0.149). Conclusion: Esophageal foreign bodies were primarily composed of bones and dried dog snacks, while gastric foreign bodies more often contained fabrics, plant materials, and metallic objects. These composition differences highlight the need for site-specific management strategies. J. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res., 12(2): 601–609, June 2025 http://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2025.l924