The implementation of biosecurity practices in broiler farms is a must for its success. This study was carried out to score the biosecurity measures in three broiler farms in the Dakahliya – Egypt in relation to the seasonal prevalence of colibacillosis and salmonellosis. A cross-sectional study was conducted on randomly selected three broiler farms of different housing systems from (July 2022- June 2023). A total of 540 litter samples were collected during four successive seasons. The computed average score for the three broiler farms; A, B, & C was 14, 15 and 26, respectively, out of 39 estimated items. The findings showed that farm C had better levels of commitment and discipline to biosecurity measures than the other two broiler farms. Highly significant increases of E. coli (p<0.0001) in summer compared to other seasons in the broiler farms with the lowest prevalence rate in farm C with the highest biosecurity score. The same pattern was found for Salmonella prevalence of (p<0.0001) in broiler farms during summer months. Insufficient biosecurity measures in broiler houses were not enough to prevent the entrance and multiplication of E. coli & Salmonella spp. Disciplines, commitment, and regulations of biosecurity need to be enforced in broiler houses to prevent the introduction and spread of diseases.

Fish is one of the most widely advertised foods, and Egypt is now recognized as a significant global fish producer. Human and animal intestinal illnesses and significant histotoxic illnesses are caused by foodborne microorganisms as Clostridium perfringens (C. perfringens). This study was directed to monitor the prevalence, antibiotic susceptibility testing, detection of some virulence and antibiotic resistance genes of multidrug-resistant C. perfringens recovered from fish. A total of 300 samples were collected from gills and intestine of Catfish, Tilapia and Dennis.  Bacteriological examination was conducted, the obtained C. perfringens strains were tested for antibiogram, PCR screening of virulence and antibiotic resistance genes. The investigated samples showed C. perfringens prevalence of 48.3%. C. perfringens isolates were resistant to several antibiotics as clindamycin (90%), cefprozil (80%), novobiocin (80%), aztreonam (80%) and erythromycin (80%). While, isolates were sensitive to nalidixic acid (90%), ofloxacin (90%), chloramphenicol (90%) and rifampicin (80%). Multidrug-resistant (MDR) C. perfringens was detected in 80% of tested strains. PCR proved that the obtained C. perfringens strains were carrying the virulence genes: cpa, cpb and cpe in a prevalence of 60%, 40% and 10%, respectively. As well, bla and ermB antibiotic resistance genes were detected in C. perfringens strains in a prevalence of 100% for both genes. In conclusion, C. perfringens isolated from fish was multidrug- resistant (MDR) bacteria and was harbored cpa, cpb and cpe virulence genes and bla and ermB antibiotic resistance genes. The development of MDR C. perfringens is conceived as a public health threat.

Tremendous work has been conducted in equine medicine research, with special reference to donkeys. Our study surveyed applied studies on donkeys by 2023 in a quantitative manner. Data were retrieved from the Web of Science database. The points investigated addressed the general criteria of global donkey research. Statistical data were set for each studied item using VOSviewer software, with a focus on the top ten results for each item. A total of 2947 documents were extracted. results revealed that author Burden F.A. had the highest number of published papers (68, 2.30%), publications in 2020 (8.92%) were at the front. The Egyptian Knowledge Bank (EKB) had the highest number of papers (177, 6.01%), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nsfc) (91, 3.08%) was the top funding agency, USA was the top nation in publications (13.87 %), and the majority of publications were in English (2757, 93.55 %). The highest publications in WOS categories, were collected from Veterinary Sciences (1695, 57.51%). Research articles were the most abundant form (85.61 %). Dairy and Animal Sciences was at the top of citation topics (351, 11.91%).   Elsevier had the highest publications (23.58%), Journal of Equine Veterinary Science was placed in the top journals (163, 5.53%). The data from the current study can be used to assess the situation of applied research on donkeys, helping to set possible future maps.

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation of Nannochloropsis on gene expression and serum metabolic profile in growing Barki lambs. For this reason, twenty apparently healthy growing Barki lambs were allocated into two equal groups (10 lambs each). Control group received the basal diet whereas the supplemented group received the basal diet with Nannochloropsis powder which given in the concentrate at a rate of 10 g /kg/day for subsequent 30 days. A blood sample was collected from each lamb via jugular venipuncture before starting the experiment (T0), (T15) and (T30) after supplementation for hematobiochemical examination and real time PCR. Gene’s expression of ACACA, FASN, SCD and FABP4 were significantly up-regulated in supplemented lambs at (T15) and (T30) while DGAT1, insulin, glucokinase and glucose transporter showed a significant up-regulation at day 30 compared to control ones. Supplemented lambs had a significant (P < 0.05) increase of final body weights, daily weight gain and feed intake with significant (P<0.05) decrease of feed conversion ratio. From the third week onwards, the body weight, body length and body condition score were significantly (P > 0.05) higher in the supplemented group. There was a significant (P<0.05) increase in Hb, RBC, WBC, serum level of glucose, insulin, triglyceride, total protein, globulin and BUN with significant (p<0.05) decrease of cholesterol, ALT and AST in supplemented lambs at T30. The results suggest that Nannochloropsis could be used as a useful supplement to improve health status and body growth of growing Barki lambs.

This study aimed to investigate the efficiency of adding dietary linseed oil and fermented pomegranate peel on growth performance, digestibility, antioxidant capacity, and muscle fatty acid deposition in heat-stressed broilers. Three hundred Ross 308 broiler chicks (1 day old) were randomly assigned to four groups (group/five replicates). Dietary treatments included: (CON) corn-soybean meal basal diet; (FPP) basal diet + fermented pomegranate peel 4g/kg; (LIO) basal diet + 3% linseed oil; (FPLO) basal diet + fermented pomegranate peel + linseed oil. Compared with CON, broilers fed FPLO diet showed improved body weight gain and feed conversion ratio, while the experimental diet did not affect feed intake. Broilers fed FPP or FPLO diet had higher dressing percentages and lower relative weight of abdominal fat than other groups, whereas other carcass traits and digestive enzymes activities were not influenced by treated groups. Nutrient digestion enhanced, as the crude protein digestibility increased in chickens fed FPP and FPLO, while the crude fat digestibility increased in chickens fed LIO and FPLO. Cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations decreased, while the HDL concentration increased in the chickens fed FPP and FPLO compared to other groups. The oxidative status was enhanced by the experimental additives, as the SOD and GSH-Px levels increased and the MDA level decreased in the serum in treated groups compared to the control group. Chickens fed FPP and FPLO had an improvement in gut health, as the number of Lactobacillus increased and the number of E. coli and Total coliforms decreased. A significant increase in unsaturated fatty acid and a decrease in the n-6:n-3 ratio was noticed in the muscles of chickens fed LIO and FPLO compared to other groups. This research indicates that diets supplemented with a combination of fermented pomegranate peel and linseed oil experience an improvement in growth performance, blood antioxidant capacities, and fatty acid profile in the muscles of heat-stressed broilers.

Abortifacient pathogens such as bacterial [Brucella spp., Listeria spp., Leptospira interrogans ser., Coxiella burnetii, Campylobacter spp., Anaplasma spp., Chlamydia spp], mycotic [Aspergillus species and Candida species], protozoan [Toxoplasma gondii, Neospora spp.], and viral [Bluetongue virus (BTV), Schmallenberg virus (SBV), Bovine viral Diarrhea Virus (BVDV), and Peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV)] pathogens are challenges for the productive and reproductive performance of ruminants (cattle, sheep, and goats) globally. No comprehensive report on epidemiology, associated risk factors, or economic burden of these infectious pathogens is available for Nigeria. This review estimated the distribution and burden of abortive pathogens in ruminants in Nigeria for the last twenty-two years (2000-2022). Research articles reporting the detection of any of the above-mentioned abortive pathogens in ready-to-slaughter ruminants (RTSR), sick ruminants (SR), and ruminants with abortive history (RWAH) in Nigeria were accessed using different repositories, including Google Scholar, Proquest, PubMed, ResearchGate and Scopus to determine the prevalence, spatial distribution, and associated risk factors. From a total of 140 articles selected for this review, eight bacterial, four viral, two parasitic, and two mycotic infectious agents were reported for Nigeria. This study reveals a prevalence of 28.2% viral agents, 14.43% bacterial pathogens, 14.24% protozoans, and 28.1% fungal agents in the reported tested samples. Brucellosis was the most often reported among bacterial diseases, followed by leptospirosis and listeriosis. Peste des petits ruminants virus infection was the most common viral disease, followed by bluetongue virus disease. Additionally, two parasitic diseases, neosporosis and toxoplasmosis, and two mycotic diseases, aspergillosis and candidiasis, were reported. In this study, stillbirth and abortion were recorded in 49.2% of sheep with PPRV, 58.95% in goats with Chlamydophila abortus and PPRV, and 6.4% in cattle with Brucella abortus and Histophilus somni infections. Lack of vaccines, open markets, and extensive husbandry systems were among the risk factors associated with different abortive pathogens. This study is a useful tool for researchers and government officers in risk assessment and management of livestock to improve livestock production in Nigeria.

Sarcoptic Mange is a highly contagious parasitic disease that can cause huge economic losses to rabbit producers and has the potential to infect humans. This study aimed to perform molecular characterization and phylogenetic analysis of Sarcoptes scabiei, assess redox and inflammatory state, evaluate the cost and efficacy of a single dose of a commercially available ivermectin with a topical application of sulfur ointment for control of this issue. Skin scraping was collected from infested rabbits in Ismailia governorate, Egypt, and submitted for parasitological examination. The mite specimens were identified based on ITS2 PCR gene. Forty-four adult rabbits naturally infected with mange and 5 free animals were divided into three groups, group 1, 1% ivermectin was injected subcutaneously once, the affected area was soaked with 1% deltamethrin, and sulfur ointment 10% was applied every 2 days. Group 2 received two injections of ivermectin with an interval of 2 weeks while group 3 was non-infested rabbits. Skin scraping and serum samples were taken for parasitological and clinicopathological examination and the cost of each treatment was calculated. A high degree of sequence variation was observed between our sequence sample and some other Sarcoptes scabiei sequences from Egypt and different geographic areas. MDA and IL-6 levels were significantly increased, and TAC was significantly decreased in the infected groups compared with the uninfected group. On the 28th day of treatment, hair growth and complete skin recovery were observed in both treated groups. A single dose of 1% ivermectin with topical treatment is sufficient to eliminate Sarcoptes scabiei but is costly.

Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is the primary health problem in the beef cattle industry worldwide. Tildipirosin was injected as a metaphylaxis to healthy animals and also as a therapeutic to the clinically diseased animal at a dose of 4 mg/kg B.W. TD is effective in reducing the mortality rate and increasing the recovery rate from P. multocida infection which induces damage to the bronchioles and alveoli with fibrinopurulent bronchopneumonia represented by dilated bronchiole with caseated material in its lumen associated with severe leukocytic cells infiltration in the wall, multifocal areas of necrosis organized exudate infiltrated with many neutrophils in alveoli. PCR is considered the test of choice in the diagnosis of Pasteurella as it can identify organisms at any level regardless of tiny quantities of bacteria’s genome, consequently, the sensitivity and specificity of the test increased. Tildipirosin injection caused no significant changes in RBC count after treatment for the treated healthy and treated diseased group compared with the control group. Tildipirosin showed no significant changes in hemoglobin content and HCT of the treated healthy group but a significant decrease in TD treated diseased group was revealed post-treatment compared to the control group. Single subcutaneous injection of Tildipirosin causes an important decrease in MCV, and MCH levels in TD treated diseased group and decreasing in the MCHC of TD treated healthy group at day 7 compared to the control group. Tildipirosin causes no significant changes in Malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in TD-treated healthy while it increased in the TD-treated diseased group at all days after treatment compared to the control group. No significant changes occur in the superoxide dismutase (SOD) level of TD treated healthy group and TD treated diseased group compared to the control group. In conclusion, p. multocida is one of the most prevalent causes of BRD in Egypt, and tildipirosin was highly effective as a prophylactic and metaphylactic treatment against BRD cases caused by p. multocida, and it has a potentially anti-inflammatory effect.

The Present study was undertaken to assess the prevalence of B. cereus in milk and some milk Products and its survival in yoghurt and Damietta cheese. A total of 100 samples of raw milk, Pasteurized milk, Damietta cheese and yoghurt (25 for each) were collected from supermarkets in Assiut city and were examined for isolation of B. cereus. It was isolated from 24, 32, 68 and 20% of the tested samples, respectively. All the isolated strains were confirmed positive for B. cereus except one strain for each raw milk and Damietta cheese. 14.7%, 85.3, 50.0 and 76.5% of the confirmed strains were carried Ces, Nhe, Hbl and cytK genes. Concerning its survival in yoghurt, there was a significant difference between the effect of yoghurt and acidophilus yoghurt on B. cereus growth, where the organism remained viable to the 9th day in yoghurt and failed to be isolated at the 5th day in yoghurt with probiotics. In case of Damietta cheese, 2 and 5% salt were more favorable for the pathogen growth, while 10% salt was inconvenient for its growth. In addition, the inhibitory effect of thyme essential oil was more obvious than the effect of rosemary EO, where the bacterial population was decreased to a count of 2.05 and 2.46 log cfu/ g. at the 2nd week in case of addition of 1.65% thyme EO and could not be detected at the 4th week, whereas the organism could survive to the 6th week in case of rosemary. In conclusion, strict hygienic measures must be implemented during the manufacture of dairy products and addition of biopreservatives to control B. cereus growth is substantial.

This study was planned to evaluate the efficacy of ruminal juice, vitamins, and minerals mixture supplementation on the improvement of ruminal acidosis in calves in a comparison with the group treated with the anti-acid only.  In this direction, a total of 30 calves were used in this study; 10 were clinically healthy and assigned as a control (G1), and 20 were affected with ruminal acidosis. The latter 20 calves were further equally grouped into 2 subgroups (G2, and G3). Group 2 was treated with a ruminal anti-acid, while G3 was treated by the administration of a ruminal juice supplemented with a vitamins and minerals mixture beside the anti-acid. The result showed a significant decrease in WBCs, Hb, PCV, ALT, AST, and serum lactate. Furthermore, significant improvement in TAC, BHBA, ruminal protozoal count, and ruminal pH in calves treated with ruminal juice supplemented with vitamins and minerals more than in the group treated with the anti-acid only. It is concluded that the use of ruminal juice supplemented with vitamins, and minerals besides the anti-acid had a better impact on clinically affected calves with acute ruminal acidosis.