This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of replacing maize in quail diets with graded levels of rumen filtrate-fermented cassava meal (FCM) on growth and egg production performances. Cassava meal (CM) was mixed with dried manure of layer at 75 g/kg CM, which was mixed with freshly collected rumen filtrate (at 1 L/5 kg CM), and finally fermented in sealed bags for 14 days. It was then sun-dried and added in grower or finisher diets at 0, 50, 75 and 100%. Then, 84 three weeks-old Japanese quails (Cortunix japonica) were divided into four equal groups; the birds were randomly assigned to 0, 50, 75 and 100% FCM grower/layers diets, and were reared until 56 days of age. Daily feed consumption, weekly body weights, weight gains, feed conversion ratios (FCR), hen-day, and egg weights were monitored. The quails fed with 75% FCM were found to be superior (p<0.05) for body weight, feed intake, weight gain, and egg weights. However, birds fed control diets had higher (p<0.05) hen-day, but lower (p<0.05) in egg weights. Complete replacement of maize with FCM (100%) had similar (p>0.05) effect on feed intake, body weight, and weight gain, as compared to those of fed control diets. Thus, replacing maize with FCM had no deleterious effects on growth performance, but depressed hen-day. However, better growth performance was obtained when maize was replaced at 75% FCM.

This study was conducted to assess the interaction of specific immune responses produced after vaccination using live attenuated Newcastle disease (ND) LaSota and infectious bursal disease (IBD) vaccines in village chickens of Nigeria. After immunization with the vaccines (individually or in different combinations), specific antibody levels in the chickens were measured using hemagglutination inhibition (HI) and agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID) tests. The cases of administration of ND LaSota alone, ND LaSota followed by IBD vaccine after one week, and simultaneous use of ND LaSota and IBD vaccines were seroconverted against ND virus. Interference of antibody production against NDV or IBDV was observed when primary vaccination was done by using any one of the two and the remaining one was given after one week. However, simultaneous administration of the vaccines did not interfere with each other in terms of antibody responses. In all the vaccination trials, elicited immunity conferred protection to the chickens challenged with virulent NDV and IBDV. Individual vaccination with ND LaSota followed by IBD vaccines or vice versa giving an interval of more than one week, or simultaneous use of both vaccines are recommended to confer protective antibody levels against NDV and IBDV in village chickens.

A number of animals with genetically identical appearance can be produced by somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT). From current advancement of SCNT and molecular techniques, production of a transgenic animal becomes easier. Although cloning efficiency in goat is low, the ability to propagate genetically identical animals, with a gene or genes of interest, would be important for increasing productivity and ultimately the economic livelihood. In this paper, the potential applications and uses of SCNT technology like production of transgenic goat for production of quality milk and meat are discussed.

This study was conducted to assess the interaction of specific immune responses produced after vaccination using live attenuated Newcastle disease (ND) LaSota and infectious bursal disease (IBD) vaccines in village chickens of Nigeria. After immunization with the vaccines (individually or in different combinations), specific antibody levels in the chickens were measured using hemagglutination inhibition (HI) and agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID) tests. The cases of administration of ND LaSota alone, ND LaSota followed by IBD vaccine after one week, and simultaneous use of ND LaSota and IBD vaccines were seroconverted against ND virus. Interference of antibody production against NDV or IBDV was observed when primary vaccination was done by using any one of the two and the remaining one was given after one week. However, simultaneous administration of the vaccines did not interfere with each other in terms of antibody responses. In all the vaccination trials, elicited immunity conferred protection to the chickens challenged with virulent NDV and IBDV. Individual vaccination with ND LaSota followed by IBD vaccines or vice versa giving an interval of more than one week, or simultaneous use of both vaccines are recommended to confer protective antibody levels against NDV and IBDV in village chickens.

The aim of this study was to determine the reproductive parameters of sows in selected area of Bangladesh. A total of 51 sows from 21 farms were selected for this study. The data on reproductive parameters were collected from the owners by interviewing with pretested questionnaire. We found that the age at puberty, estrus cycle length, estrus duration, interval between farrowing and onset of estrus and gestation length were 254.5±34.4 and 21.2±1.2 days, 34.2±13.2 h, 51.8±10.9 and 114.3±0.9 days, respectively. The number of required services for each pregnancy in native sows was 1.4 ±0.6, and the first service pregnancy rate using natural mating was 63.8%. Moreover, the number of piglets born per sow was 7.6±3.4. The highest piglet production (10.6±3.1) was in parity 5 and the lowest (4.1±0.6) was in parity 1. Estrus was detected in 34.1% sows on the basis of observing standing reflex when boar mounted. In conclusion, reproductive parameters in native sows of Bangladesh need to be improved for ensuring satisfactory reproductive performances.

This study was conducted to assess the influence of chromium on the carcass traits in crossbred (Large White Yorkshire X Landrace) pigs fed with swill feeding for a period of 5 months. Early-weaned crossbred piglets (n=24) were selected for this study, and the piglets were randomly divided into three equal groups; Group I, II, and III. The piglets were reared by following standard health coverage protocols. The feeds of Group I and II were supplemented with chromium in the form of chromium tripicolinate at 0.1 and 0.2 mg/kg of swill feed respectively, and Group III was kept as control. Carcass weight, carcass length, and bone percentage showed no significant difference among the three groups. However, better dressing percentage was observed in Group I (p<0.05). Liver and kidney weights were reduced in chromium supplemented groups (p<0.05). Chromium supplemented groups showed lower backfat thickness and fat percentage (p<0.01); whereas, loin eye areas and muscle percentage were increased as compared to the control group. Thus, it was concluded that chromium supplementation in feed of crossbred piglets influenced positively in their carcass traits.

Foi realizado o estudo retrospectivo das afecções do sistema locomotor de ruminantes atendidos no Serviço de Clínica de Bovinos e Pequenos Ruminantes da Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia da Universidade de São Paulo (FMVZ-USP), no período de 2000 a 2012. Nesse período, foram atendidos 209 casos de animais com problemas locomotores, dos quais 62,7% localizados na região distal dos membros e 37,3% na região proximal. Na espécie bovina, com 121 (57,9%) casos atendidos, o comprometimento da região distal dos membros foi observado em 86 (71,07%) e da região proximal em 35 (28,93%) dos casos, respectivamente. A afecção mais frequente observada em bovinos foi a hiperplasia interdigital com 26,74% (23) dos casos atendidos. Entre as afecções na região proximal, houve maior ocorrência de fraturas, com 48,6% (17) dos casos. Foram atendidos 88 (42,1%) pequenos ruminantes, apresentando lesões na região distal em 51,1% (45) dos casos e 48,9% (43) com lesões na região proximal. Nessas espécies, as lesões de maior ocorrência nas regiões distais e proximais foram, respectivamente, o foot-rot (60%) e as fraturas (77,4%). As afecções do sistema locomotor dos ruminantes foram pouco frequentes entre os animais atendidos no período estudado. Quanto ao prognóstico, foi bom nos animais acometidos com doenças podais, diferentemente das afecções proximais dos bovinos, principalmente fraturas, que apresentaram prognóstico mau. | This study aimed to perform a retrospective study of ruminants attended at the Clinic for Cattle and Small Ruminants (CBPR) of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine (FMVZ), University of São Paulo (USP) with locomotor diseases from 2000 to 2012. During this period 209 cases were treated. It was found that cases located in the distal limb and in the proximal region were 62.7% and 33.7%, respectively. In bovines, 121 (57.9%) cases were treated, with 86 (71.07%) cases presented in the distal limb and 35 (28.93%) cases in the proximal region. The most common disease was interdigital hyperplasia with 23 (26.74%) cases treated. Fractures were the most frequent disease related to the proximal region corresponding to 17 (48.6%) occurrences. In small ruminants, 88 animals (42.1%) were treated with 45 (51.1%) cases in the distal region and the other 43 (48.9%) in the proximal region. In these species, the foot-rot (60%) and fractures (77.4%) was the most common diseases found in the distal and the proximal region, respectively. The disorders of the locomotor system of ruminants were uncommon in the CBPR. While the affected animals with claw diseases have a good prognosis, disorders affecting the upper limb in cattle, mainly fracture, have a poor prognosis.

Condições ambientais adversas, tais como altas temperaturas e umidade relativa, causam aumento da temperatura corporal interna (hipertermia) de vacas lactantes, que resultam em estresse térmico e diminuição dos índices de gestação. A susceptibilidade embrionária à temperatura elevada já foi bem caracterizada tanto em experimentos in vivo quanto in vitro. A exposição de embriões bovinos em estágios de zigoto e duas células à temperatura elevada diminui o desenvolvimento embrionário até o estágio de blastocisto. No entanto, o embrião torna-se mais resistente aos efeitos deletérios da temperatura elevada à medida que progride no desenvolvimento. A redução na competência de desenvolvimento embrionária causada pelo estresse térmico deve-se, em parte, às inúmeras alterações citoplasmáticas e nucleares induzidas pela temperatura elevada. No citoplasma embrionário, o choque térmico aumenta o número de mitocôndrias edemaciadas, desorganiza os microtúbulos e os filamentos de actina. No compartimento nuclear, a temperatura elevada induz a fragmentação de DNA característica de apoptose. Essa forma de morte celular é um fenômeno regulado ao longo do desenvolvimento embrionário pré-implantacional, visto que altas temperaturas não ativam a cascata de apoptose em embriões de duas ou quatro células. A apoptose embrionária induzida pelo choque térmico em embriões ≥ 16 células pode ser considerada um mecanismo de controle de qualidade para remoção dos blastômeros danificados, já que o bloqueio da apoptose nestes embriões aumenta ainda mais a susceptibilidade ao choque térmico. Além disso, o estresse térmico também pode afetar o estado redox do embrião, levando a um consequente estresse oxidativo. | Adverse environmental conditions such as high temperature and humidity increase internal body temperature (hyperthermia) of lactating dairy cows resulting in heat stress and decreased pregnancy rates. Embryonic susceptibility to elevated temperature has been well characterized both in vivo and in vitro. Exposure of zygote and two cells stage bovine embryos to elevated temperature decreases embryonic development to the blastocyst stage. However, the bovine embryo becomes more resistant to the deleterious effects of heat stress as it proceeds in its development. The heat-induced reduction in embryonic developmental competence is due, at least in part, to the numerous cytoplasmic and nuclear changes induced by high temperature. In the embryo cytoplasm heat shock increases the number of swollen mitochondria, disrupts microtubules and microfilaments. In the nuclear compartment, elevate temperature induces DNA fragmentation characteristic of apoptosis. This form of cell death is a phenomenon regulated throughout the preimplantation embryonic development, since high temperatures do not trigger apoptosis in embryos of two or four cells. Heat-induced apoptosis in embryos ≥ 16 cells can be seen as a quality control mechanism for removing damaged blastomeres, since block apoptosis in these embryos increase its susceptibility to heat shock. Furthermore, heat stress can also affect the redox status of the embryo inducing a consequent oxidative stress.

<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OfficeDocumentSettings> <o:AllowPNG/> </o:OfficeDocumentSettings></xml><![endif]--><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;" lang="EN-US">Transplants are the only effective therapy for the treatment of advanced liver diseases such as cirrhosis. Given the limited number of organ donors, regenerative medicine has sought for sources of cells and tissues for replacement therapy. Embryonic stem cells are a promising source of material for transplantation because of their exclusive property of being expanded indefinitely in culture, thus, they are a source of replacement tissue. Moreover, they are capable of differentiating into practically all cell types, and may be utilized in replacement therapy in various diseases. The liver bud has bipotent stem cells that have not yet differentiated into hepatocytes or biliary duct cells; however, they have great potential of proliferation and differentiation. Thus, the challenge is to identify methods that promote their differentiation in specific and functional strains. This study aimed to evaluate the role of the progranulin growth factor PGRN during the liver development of rats F344, since this growth factor could be utilized in protocols of differentiation of stem cells of the liver bud in functional hepatocytes. The results showed that PGRN is present during different periods of hepatogenesis in F344 rats, and that this growth factor should be involved in the process of differentiation of hepatoblasts into hepatocytes after activation by HNF4</span>α<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;" lang="EN-US"> , however, PGRN seems not to exert a cellular proliferation function during the hepatogenesis. Thus, PGRN can be used in future protocols of liver cell differentiation directed toward cellular therapy in Regenerative Medicine.</span> | <!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OfficeDocumentSettings> <o:AllowPNG/> </o:OfficeDocumentSettings></xml><![endif]--><p class="MsoNormal">Os transplantes são a única terapia eficaz para o tratamento de doenças hepáticas avançadas, como a cirrose. Dado o número limitado de doadores de órgãos, a medicina regenerativa tem procurado fontes de células para a terapia de substituição. As células embrionárias são uma fonte promissora de material para o transplante devido à sua propriedade exclusiva de ser expandida indefinidamente em cultura, assim, elas são uma fonte de tecido de substituição. Além disso, são capazes de se diferenciar em praticamente todos os tipos celulares, e podem ser utilizadas na terapia de substituição em várias doenças. O broto hepático tem células-tronco (CT) bipotenciais que ainda não se diferenciam em hepatócitos ou células do ducto biliar, contudo, elas têm um grande potencial de proliferação e de diferenciação. Desse modo, o desafio é identificar métodos que promovam sua diferenciação em linhagens específicas e funcionais. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o papel do fator de crescimento progranulina (PGRN) durante o desenvolvimento hepático em ratos F344, uma vez que a PGRN poderia ser utilizada em protocolos de diferenciação de CT do broto hepático em hepatócitos funcionais. Os resultados mostraram que PGRN está presente durante diferentes períodos da hepatogênese em ratos F344, e que a mesma deve estar envolvida no processo de diferenciação de hepatoblastos em hepatócitos após ativação por HNF4α, no entanto, a PGRN parece não desempenhar uma função de proliferação celular durante a hepatogênese. Assim, a PGRN pode ser usada em futuros protocolos de diferenciação de células hepáticas voltadas para a terapia celular na medicina regenerativa.

A estimulação do estro por gonadotrofinas exógenas (GE) associada ao flushing alimentar é uma ferramenta importante na melhoria do desempenho reprodutivo de marrãs. Contudo, há evidência da associação do flushing com GE levando ao desequilíbrio no sistema endócrino que poderia levar ao aumento de cistos ovarianos. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar se o flushing ou GE pode afetar a taxa de ovulação e a incidência de cistos ovarianos. Setenta e uma marrãs foram distribuídas aleatoriamente em arranjo fatorial 2x2 com quatro tratamentos: flushing e hormônio (cFcH); sem flushing e com hormônio (sFcH); com flushing e sem hormônio (cFsH) e sem flushing e hormônio (sFsH). Marrãs foram abatidas para exame macroscópico e histopatológico dos ovários, aproximadamente cinco dias após IA. A caracterização desses cistos foi realizada por microscopia óptica: cistos foliculares (CF), cistos luteinizados (CL) ou corpos lúteos císticos (CCL). O número de ovulações não diferiu entre os tratamentos. Não houve interação entre os fatores em qualquer variável analisada. A frequência de leitoas com CCL e CL não foi afetada pelo flushing e GE. Não houve diferença na incidência de CF, com 12,5% e 5,88 % em leitoas dos tratamentos cFcH e sFcH, respectivamente. Não foram obtidas diferenças na proporção de CCL entre CF e CL (9,85 vs. 4,22 e 4,22%, respectivamente). Em conclusão, a utilização de gonadotrofinas exógenas para sincronização do segundo estro de marrãs, isoladamente ou em associação com o flushing, não aumenta a incidência de cistos ovarianos e não diminui a taxa de ovulação. | Estrus stimulation by exogenous gonadotropins (EG) in association with dietary flushing is an important tool for the improvement of gilt reproductive performance. However, there is evidence associating both flushing and EG with a disturbance in the endocrine balance that could lead to increased ovarian cysts. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether flushing or EG might affect the ovulation rate and the incidence of ovarian cysts. Seventy-one gilts were randomly distributed into 2x2 factorial design with four treatments: flushing and hormone (wFwH); no flushing and hormone (nFwH); flushing without hormone (wFnH); and neither flushing nor hormone (nFnH). Gilts were slaughtered for macroscopic and histopathological ovary examination approximately five days after AI. The characterization of these cysts was performed by optical microscopy in the following: follicular cysts (FC), luteinized cysts (LC) or cystic corpora lutea (CCL). The number of ovulations did not differ between treatments. There was no interaction between the factors in any analyzed variable. The frequency of gilts with CCL and LC was not affected by flushing and EG. No difference was found in the incidence of FC, with 12.5% and 5.88% in gilts from wFwH and nFwH treatments, respectively. There were no differences in the proportion of CCL between FC and LC (9.85 vs. 4.22 and 4.22%, respectively). In conclusion, the use of exogenous gonadotropins for second estrus synchronization in gilts, either alone or in association with dietary flushing, does not increase the incidence of ovarian cysts, nor does it decrease the ovulation rate.