Kedah-Kelantan cattle (KK) being an indigenous breed are highly adapted to the hot-humid Malaysian climate and can survive in harsh, marginal environments. This makes the KK a valuable genetic resource, given the challenges of climate change and the changing demands of the livestock sector. Hitherto there is no comprehensive programme to genetically improve the purebred KK. Genetic improvement of the KK would be to fulfill the breeding objectives of increasing lean meat growth rate, enhancing meat quality, raising feed efficiency, improving fertility and maintaining adaptability. The breeding structure proposed is a 2-tier breeding structure, with a nucleus tier followed by a commercial tier below it. The nucleus tier would comprise of a number of pedigree farms run as a community
breeding project. A sire reference scheme is proposed, where progeny of reference sires are used as genetic links between pedigree herds and between years. Some guidelines are offered on the establishment
and implementation of the scheme. Modern breeding technology such as BLUP using an Animal Model, artificial insemination, embryo transfer, tissue scanning, MAS and MAI could be used as tools to support the KK genetic improvement programme. To address the problem of genetic erosion, emphasis should be given to the conservation and sustainable utilization of the KK. The programme is expected to have a high impact on the livestock sector. Substantial investments are needed to develop infrastructure and human capital associated with the KK breeding programme. The establishment of a KK breed society will improve awareness concerning the KK and protect the interests
of the KK breeding community.

Corona Discharge Therapy,an evidence-based therapeutic modality, was used on a 40-year-old female Malaysian elephant. The elephant was on systemic therapy for her wounds for 5 days. All therapies were then stopped for 4 days. Corona Discharge Therapy was subsequently applied on both the hind limb joints for 3 sessions. The non-invasive
treatment was made with a multi-patented, electronic therapeutic device called VET Sonotron without the concurrent use of drugs. Corona discharge beam (CDB) of the device was used to relieve the joint pain and inflammation. The skin surface of the elephant joints was scanned with the CDB emanating from a discharge electrode to
which was applied periodic bursts of radio frequency at 0.43 mHz, pulsed at 1 kHz of sound frequency. This therapy showed remarkable anti-inflammatory effects.

Refined, Bleached and Deodorized Palm Stearin (RBDPS) is a solid fraction obtained from Refined, Bleached and Deodorized Palm Oil after fractionation by crystallization at controlled temperature. Fractionated RBDPS was found to be enriched with C16 fatty acids,
lacking in trans fat and has a high melting point. The fractionated RBDPS produced had an iodine value of 13.1 gI2/100g, C16 content of 79.7% and melting point 60°C .These characteristics indicate fractionated RBDPS has potential as a rumen bypass fat as well as providing desirable carbon chain composition for good milk characteristics.

Melioidosis usually results in chronic debilities that reduce the
productivity of animals and condemnation of carcasses in abattoir. Melioidosis is reemerging among animals and humans, and anecdotal reports suggest an increase in disease observation. This study described the seroprevalence of melioidosis in livestock based on the data obtained from the Department of Veterinary Services, Putrajaya and the Veterinary Research Institute, Ipoh. The data were summarized according to animal species, state, and year. The seroprevalence rate in animals was 7.6, 48.2, 2.6, 13.6 and 3.6% in cattle, buffaloes, goats, sheep and pigs respectively. The
seroprevalence of the disease varies in different states of the federation. For all species, the seroprevalence vary between
2.6% and 48.2%. The seroprevalence over the years increased from 4.2% in 2000 to 12.0% in 2003 after which it varies between
the period 2004- 2007 and apparently declined between 2007 and 2009.

A total of thirty snakehead fishes Channa micropeltes (Cuvier, 1831)
were collected at Tasik Kenyir, Malaysia. Muscle, liver, intestine and kidney tissues were removed from each fish and the intestine was opened to reveal cestodes. The cestodes were identified on the basis
of their morphological characteristics. After staining, drawing by using Camera Lucida, measurement by using advanced microscope and using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), the results showed that
the cestode was Senga parva (Fernando and Fertado, 1964). It differed from other species of genus Senga, parasitising fish genus Channa, by the size of the strobila, scolex, apical disc, hooks, number of hooks, testes and some other characteristics.

Rice straw and oil palm empty fruit bunch were treated with urea
and commercial effective microorganisms to study their ability to breakdown fibres, improved in protein and energy values. In rice straw, the crude protein and crude fibre treated with urea and urea + effective microorganisms showed significant differences from the untreated control. The neutral detergent fibre and nitrogen free
extract values in the rice straw treatment did not show significant differences. Metabolizable energy values decreased with the treatment groups compared to the control. The results of keeping the treated rice straw in anaerobic plastic bags up to 30 days showed no significant breakdown of fibre components in the control and urea
treated groups. But there is a significant dropped in the neutral detergent fibre in urea + effective microorganisms treatment.
In oil palm empty fruit bunch, there were no significant differences seen in the crude protein, crude fibre, acid detergent fibre, neutral detergent fibre, nitrogen free extract and metabolisable energy values. Storage showed decreased in energy values in all treated groups. The addition of urea and microbes showed improved protein level and in the reduction of the fibre components in rice straw only. Keywords: rice straw, oil palm empty fruit bunch, urea, effective microorganisms, crude fibre, acid detergent fibre, neutral
detergent fibre, metabolisable energy.

This study was carried out to investigate the prevalence of equine
lameness and metabolic disorders in endurance horses during an endurance race. Out of 67 horses that participated in the race, 19 horses completed the race successfully without any derangement while 48 horses were eliminated from the race for various disorders. Fifty-three (53.73%) percent of these horses had metabolic disorders and
17.91% were eliminated due to lameness. The study showed that the highest number of endurance horses that were eliminated were due to metabolic disorders followed by lameness. These findings may assist veterinarians in designing laudable measures in the management and
conditioning protocols of endurance horses during training and further prevent the morbidity and mortality during endurance races.

The study was carried out to investigate the effect of prolong
submaximal exercise on heart rate reflecting the performance of endurance horses after covering distances of 40 and 80 km races. This study was conducted in Malaysia to determine the post-race
heart rates of endurance horses based on distances for the eliminated horses and those that completed the races with good
performance. Heart rates of competing endurance horses were examined at pre and post-race. Thirty-four endurance horses were sampled; N = 9 (40 km) and N = 9 (80 km) were the good performance horses while, N = 3 (40 km) and N = 13 (80 km) were the poor performance horses
eliminated from the race. The mean heart rate of the good performance horses in the 40 km category was 53 ± 8 bpm and that of
the 80 km in the good performance category was 56 ± 7 bpm, while the eliminated horses of the 40 km group had 74 ± 17 bpm and those in the 80 km group had 78 ± 7 bpm. The study showed that eliminated
horses in the 40 and 80 km categories both exhibited high heart rates compared to the good performance horses that were in the same racing category. Thus, the heart rates of horses during training may be used to predict performance based on distances covered in endurance races.