In this case report, clinicopathological findings and certain biochemical parameters were presented in quails with the pendulous crop. The animal material of the study consists of a total of 3 Japanese quails (Coturnix coturnix japonica). The quails were examined clinically first, followed by the post-mortem examinations. The investigations of Na, K, Mg, total TP and Alb were conducted using autoanalyzer. The plasma levels of sodium, potassium, magnesium, total protein and albumin in the blood samples collected from the animals were found to be higher than the averages for quails. Postmortem examination of quails has revealed that the veins of their crops were prominently pronounced and that the crops were filled with a yellowish, foulodor liquid containing whole grain particles. Furthermore, the crop mucosa of an animal contained ulcerative lesions. As a result, it was found that certain mineral levels and protein profiles of animals were affected by the pendulous crop phenomenon, and that laboratory findings should be considered alongside physical findings when dealing with it.

The aim of this study was to determine the effects of lycopene administration as a protective agent against necrotic damage of NaF, a fluoride compound found to have high cytotoxic effects in the renal epithelial cell. Material- Method: The renal epithelial cell was cultured in DMEM high glucose medium, containing 10%FBS, 1%L-Glutamine (2mM) and 1% penicillin/streptomycin. With the MTT viability test, the non-toxic dose of lycopene (1 µM) and the IC50 value of NaF at the 24th hour was determined to be 3200 µM. The study groups were divided into four as control, NaF, lycopene and NaF+lycopene (the combination of NaF and lycopene). After the total mRNA obtained from these groups were converted to cDNA, expression levels of the identified necrotic genes were determined by real-time PCR method.While the Ripk1 gene did not change in the group given lycopene at the 24th hour, it was found that it increased 2.6 times in the group that received only fluoride, while it increased 7 times in the group treated with NaF+lycopene. A significant difference was detected between the groups in terms of gene expression pattern. While the Ripk3 gene increased slightly in the 24th hour applied lycopene group, it was observed that only NaF applied group increased 8 times and NaF+lycopene applied group increased in the 9 times.Based on the results obtained from this study, it was seen that activation of necrotic genes is important in explaining the molecular basis of cell death from NaF, which is applied as fluoride source, in revealing the molecular basis of the necrotic pathway. It was found that the decrease in cell viability due to NaF increased with lycopene, but the use of lycopene with fluoride also increased necrotic gene expression.

The study was conducted to determine the occurrence and distribution patterns of diseases of goat in Dhaka, Bangladesh during the period of January 2018 to December 2018. Materials and Methods: A total of 452 goats were recorded during the study period. The diseases were diagnosed based on clinical signs, patient owners complain and laboratory findings. The prevalence was measured according to season and age of the goats which were studied. Statistical analysis was done by Chi-square test and P-value was calculated by using SPSS 25 for windows (SPSS, Inc., Chicago, IL).Results: In this study, 381 (84.29%) goats were found to be diseased from 452 visited goats at Central veterinary Hospital (CVH), Dhaka. The highest prevalence was found with worm infestation (31.42%) followed by PPR (13.72%), miscellaneous (ruminal acidosis, disuria, repeat breeding) (12.16%), pneumonia (10.18%), dermatitis (4.20%), enteritis (3.76%), urolithiasis (3.09%), bloat (2.65%), mastitis (1.55%), tetanus (1.11%) and protozoal diseases (0.44%). Rainy season represented the highest (86.11%) prevalence of goat diseases followed by winter season (82.85%) and summer season (82.44%). PPR was significantly (p<0.05) more prevalent in winter season than other two seasons. In this study, Goats had significantly higher (p<0.01) prevalence of worm infestation in the summer season (29.00%) and the rainy season (39.35%) and in all three (0-12 months, 13-24 months and >24 months) age groups with 21.64%, 45.06%, and 32.20% respectively. Prevalence of mastitis was lowest in 0-12 months (0.43%) and 13-24 months (0.62%) age group but the prevalence of tetanus was lowest in above 24 months (1.69%) age group.These findings will help to know about age-wise and season wise variation of different diseases of goat in this area and will help to execute proper preventive measures against those diseases.

Lack of information about brucellosis can affect patient’s health-seeking behaviors and thuscause constant infectation in semi-urban communities. This study aimed to determine the knowledge levelof brucellosis of dairy cattle breeders and evaluate the information about brucellosis in 83 people living in21 different villages and neighborhoods of Erdemli district. In the study, in this cross-sectional study, face to face interviews and data were collected using a 30 question questionnaire to investigate the level of knowledge about individuals aboutbrucellosis. Data were evulated by using SPSS 21.0 statistic program.While 72.3% the individuals do not know that brucellosis causes disease in humans, 56.6% do notknow that it causes disease in animals. Participants said that 56.6% had heard of the about brucellosis beforeand those who heard said that they had heard from 13.3% of their relatives or neighbors. A majority of theparticipants (56.6 %) had heard about Brucella, 72.3% of individuals do not know that brucellosis causesdisease in humans and 56.6% of the participants do not know that Brucella is an animal disease. It wasdetermined that 65 (73.8%) of the participants did not make cheese from raw milk, 66 (79.5%) did notconsume cheese fresh, and 74 (89.2%) did not make butter from raw milk cream. The individuals whoparticipated of in the study 32.5% had bovine animals and 67.5% had small ruminants; the rate of abortedanimals is 30.1% in the last year. The total proportion 20.5% was of stillbirths, the rate 51.8% was infertileanimals.In the present study infertility, stillbirth and abortion numbers of individuals who had notheard of brucellosis before were higher than those who had heard and who took the necessary precautions.It is a fact that the herd can threaten all other animals in rapidly spreading infectious diseases such asbrucellosis. Therefore, providing the necessary incentives for the establishment of modern business facilitiesin areas where animal husbandry is intensive, if this is not possible, raising the level of knowledge byproviding various trainings to individuals dealing with dairy cattle breeding will contribute to the nationaleconomy.

OBJECTIVE To determine the optimal energy profile for and to assess the feasibility and efficacy of ultrasonographic and laparoscopic guidance for microwave ablation (MWA) of clinically normal canine ovaries. SAMPLE 44 extirpated ovaries from 22 healthy dogs. PROCEDURES In the first of 2 trials, 13 dogs underwent oophorectomy by routine laparotomy. Extirpated ovaries underwent MWA at 45 W for 60 (n = 11) or 90 (12) seconds; 3 ovaries did not undergo MWA and served as histologic controls. Ovaries were histologically evaluated for cell viability. Ovaries without viable cells were categorized as completely ablated. Histologic results were used to identify the optimal MWA protocol for use in the subsequent trial. In the second trial, the ovaries of 9 dogs underwent MWA at 45 W for 90 seconds in situ. Ultrasonographic guidance for MWA was deemed unfeasible after evaluation of 1 ovary. The remaining 17 ovaries underwent MWA with laparoscopic guidance, after which routine laparoscopic oophorectomy was performed. Completeness of ablation was histologically assessed for all ovaries. RESULTS 2 ovaries were excluded from the trial 1 analysis because of equivocal cell viability. Six of 11 ovaries and 10 of 10 ovaries that underwent MWA for 60 and 90 seconds, respectively, were completely ablated. In trial 2, laparoscopic-guided MWA resulted in complete ablation for 12 of 17 ovaries. Dissection of the ovarian bursa for MWA probe placement facilitated complete ablation. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Laparoscopic-guided MWA at 45 W for 90 seconds was feasible, safe, and effective for complete ablation of clinically normal ovaries in dogs.

The effects of radiation therapy may be potentiated by combining radiation therapy with secondary therapies. Clinically, radiation therapy has been combined with bisphosphonates for treatment of canine appendicular osteosarcoma for years. The objective of this study was to determine if the timing of administration of bisphosphonates in relation to radiation therapy alters clonogenic survival or cell viability of canine osteosarcoma cells in vitro. Canine osteosarcoma cells were treated before administration of radiation, concurrent with radiation, or after radiation. Reduction in clonogenic survival was identified when bisphosphonates were administered post-radiation compared with pre-radiation. No significant differences were identified for cell viability at any time points. Further investigation of the cellular effects of bisphosphonates on canine osteosarcoma cells is warranted. Consideration may be given to administering bisphosphonates 24 h after radiation to reduce replication of canine osteosarcoma cells and possibly prolong the analgesic effects of both treatments.

OBJECTIVE To determine optimal sample preparation conditions with potassium triiodide (I2KI) and optimal imaging settings for microfocus CT (micro-CT) of excised cat hearts. SAMPLE 7 excised hearts (weight range, 10 to 17.6 g) obtained from healthy adult cats after euthanasia by IV injection of pentobarbital sodium. PROCEDURES Following excision, the hearts were preserved in 10% formaldehyde solution. Six hearts were immersed in 1.25% I2KI solution (n = 3) or 2.5% I2KI solution (3) for a 12-day period. Micro-CT images were acquired at time 0 (prior to iodination) then approximately every 24 and 48 hours thereafter to determine optimal sample preparation conditions (ie, immersion time and concentration of I2KI solution). Identified optimal conditions were then used to prepare the seventh heart for imaging; changes in voltage, current, exposure time, and gain on image quality were evaluated to determine optimal settings (ie, maximal signal-to-noise and contrast-to-noise ratios). Images were obtained at a voxel resolution of 30 μm. A detailed morphological assessment of the main cardiac structures of the seventh heart was then performed. RESULTS Immersion in 2.5% I2KI solution for 48 hours was optimal for sample preparation. The optimal imaging conditions included a tube voltage of 100 kV, current of 150 μA, and exposure time of 354 milliseconds; scan duration was 12 minutes. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results provided an optimal micro-CT imaging protocol for excised cat hearts prepared with I2KI solution that could serve as a basis for future studies of micro-CT for high resolution 3-D imaging of cat hearts.

OBJECTIVE To determine the feasibility of sidestream dark field (SDF) video microscopy for the evaluation of the jejunal microvasculature of healthy dogs. ANIMALS 30 healthy sexually intact female shelter dogs anesthetized for ovariohysterectomy. PROCEDURES Preoperative physical and clinicopathologic assessments were performed to confirm health status. Then healthy dogs were anesthetized, and the abdomen was incised at the ventral midline for ovariohysterectomy and jejunal microvasculature evaluation. An SDF video microscope imaged the microvasculature of 2 sites of a portion of the jejunum, and recorded videos were analyzed with software capable of quantitating parameters of microvascular health. Macrovascular parameters (heart rate, respiratory rate, and hemoglobin oxygen saturation) were also recorded during anesthesia. RESULTS Quantified jejunal microvascular parameters included valid microvascular density (mean ± SD, 251.72 ± 97.10 μm/mm), RBC-filling percentage (66.96 ± 8.00%), RBC column width (7.11 ± 0.72 μm), and perfused boundary region (2.17 ± 0.42 μm). The perfused boundary region and RBC-filling percentage had a significant negative correlation. Strong to weak positive correlations were noted among the perfused boundary regions of small-, medium-, and large-sized microvessels. No significant correlations were identified between microvascular parameters and age, body weight, preoperative clinicopathologic results, or macrovascular parameters. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Interrogation of the jejunal microvasculature of healthy dogs with SDF video microscopy was feasible. Results of this study indicated that SDF video microscopy is worth additional investigation, including interrogation of diseased small intestine in dogs.

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the usefulness of intestinal biomarkers in determining the presence of intestinal epithelial damage in neonatal calves with diarrhea caused by 4 etiologic agents. ANIMALS 40 neonatal calves that were healthy (n = 10) or had diarrhea (30). PROCEDURES The study was a cross-sectional study. Results of hematologic analyses and serum concentrations of intestinal fatty acid–binding protein (I-FABP), liver fatty acid–binding protein (L-FABP), trefoil factor 3 (TFF-3), Claudin-3 (CLDN-3), γ-enteric smooth muscle actin (ACTG2), intestinal alkaline phosphatase (IAP), interleukin-8 (IL-8), platelet-activating factor (PAF), and leptin (LP) were compared among calves grouped according to whether they were healthy (control group; G-1) or had diarrhea caused by K99 Escherichia coli (G-2; n = 10), bovine rota- or coronavirus (G-3; 5 each), or Cryptosporidium spp (G-4; 10). RESULTS Across the 3 time points at which blood samples were obtained and evaluated, the groups of calves with diarrhea generally had markedly higher mean serum concentrations of L-FABP, TFF-3, IAP, IL-8, and LP, compared with the control group. In addition, G-2 also consistently had markedly higher mean serum concentrations of I-FAB and ACTG2 and lower mean serum concentrations of CLDN-3, compared with the control group. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results indicated that degree of intestinal epithelial damage differed among calves grouped by the etiologic agent of diarrhea and that such damage might have been more severe in calves with diarrhea caused by K99 E coli. Additionally, our results indicated that serum concentrations of I-FABP, L-FABP, TFF-3, IAP, IL-8, ACTG2, LP, and CLDN-3 were useful biomarkers of intestinal epithelial damage in calves of the present study.

The duration of the drought in northern Benin favours the transhumance of cattle to central and southern Benin, resulting in the sedentarization of some transhumant pastoralists. The objective of the study was to characterize the different bovine breeds phenotypically and to evaluate the evolution of the diversity of these breeds in Djidja, between 1996 and 2016. A survey was performed on 58 farmers from the 5th of January to the 22nd of February, 2017. The reared breeds and the introduced breeds have been identified and described. It appeared from this study that all breeders used zebus and zebus-taurine crossbred animals. The zebus used were the Yakana (96.5%), Goudali (32.8%), M'Bororo (5.2%) and Djeli (3.4%). The taurines used by some breeders were Borgou (8.6%) and Lagune (5.2%). The breeds that existed 20 years ago were Lagune, Yakana, Borgou, Goudali, Djeli and M'Bororo. The most widely used breeds at that time were the Lagune and Yakana breeds and the least used were the Borgou, Djeli, Goudali and M'Bororo breeds. The breeds most introduced into the herds in the last 20 years were the Goudali breed, the Yakana breed and the M'Bororo breed, then the less introduced breed is the Djeli breed. These breeds were introduced to improve the milk and meat performance of animals. The Goudali, Yakana and M'Bororo breeds have been introduced from Nigeria and Niger. As for Djeli, the breeders imported it from Niger (91.3%) and Burkina (8.7%). The disappeared breed is mainly the Lagune breed and it is necessary to implement conservation strategies for this breed in the farms.