Real-time polymerase chain reaction assay was used for detection of Clostridium perfringens toxins genes alpha (cpa )directly from the fecal samples of cattle and sheep.Fecal samples from 20 clinically healthy cattle and 20 clinically healthy sheep were collected randomly from different farms located in AL-Diwanyia city ,All the strains of Clostridium perfringens were analyzed by Real-Time PCR using specific primers for alpha (cpa)toxin genes ,its reveald that (cpa)toxin gene of Clostridium perfringens ,were detected in cattles in 8(40%) and 14 (70%) in sheep Real time positive respectively samples ,This results indicate that Clostridium perfringens alpha toxin producing strains were prevalent in sheep and cattles and its possibly play an important role in the diarrheal disease caused by Clostridium perfringens .

The aim of the present work was to study chronic Babesiosis in drought horses in Basrah ,Iraq. Sixteen drought local breed horses more than (5) years old of both sexes were used in this study, show signs of generalized debility and icteric mucous membranes .The study were carried out in Basrah ,Iraq .Five clinically healthy local breed horses were considered as controls .Results revealed that diseased drought horses show signs of complete anorexia , severe emaciation and evident loss of body weight with poor tolerance , icteric mucous membranes of eyes, bulging of supra orbital fossa , edema were detected around fetlock joint, dehydration ,hemoglobinuria with intermittent episodes of colicky signs, Moreover , on clinical examination, diseased horses show shallow rapid respiration and accelerated strong heart beats with normal body temperature ,Moreover diseased horses suffering from constipation or diarrhea with presence or absence of cecal borborygmi sounds. Statistically significant increase were encountered in, respiratory , heart rates, and capillary refilling time, Furthermore Babesia caballi were detected microscopically on blood smears Giemsa stained, as large paired or crescent-shaped parasites ,Moreover it were also seen as , single and double pyriform with obtuse or acute angle in side the erythrocytes, In addition hematological examination of diseased horses with Babesiosis caballi revealed anemia represented by significant decrease in total erythrocytes count ,hemoglobin concentration and packed cell volume which were reflected macrocytic normochromic type due to significant increase in mean corpuscular volume ,Furthermore no significant difference were encountered in total and differential leukocytes count between diseased animals and controls ,in addition results were indicated no significant difference in clotting factors indices .It haven been concluded that chronic Babesiosis infected horses results in obvious hemolytic anemia and sever debility of diseased drought horses

The aim of this study was to investigate the acute toxicity of Organophosphate(Malathion and Atrazine), and determined the accumulation of these pesticides in thewhole body of zebrafish, and some biochemical responses in its brain and muscle.The results showed that MAL and ATR could be rapidly accumulated in the fish bodyshortly after being exposed to acute concentrations of the toxicants and exhibited adose-dependent manner. This was also validated by the response of antioxidantdefense, superoxide dismutase and catalase, both exhibited significant increase inactivity. Acetylcholinesterase activity of zebrafish was also shown inhibited in adose-dependent manner.

Twenty fertilized eggs of pigeon (Columba livia) embryo were collected from localmarkets and pigeon breeders in Basrah governorate.They incubated in eggs incubator .The studycomprised histochemical description of mitochondria decreasing and increasing in it density infemur bone development of pigeon embryo (Columba livia ) which included appearance of themitochondria during the embryological stages. The study showed the mitochondria is spindle inshape and few in resting chondrocyte stage , while it was more in hypertrophy chondrocyte andmore density in ossification in osteoblast stage .The aim of this study is know the density ofmitochondria during the development of the femur bone of pigeon embryo.

This research was conducted to asses some macroscopical and microscopicalobservations of pituitary gland in guinea pig .Pitutary gland is considered as a complex endocrine gland , located at the base of thebrain where it lies in the sella turcica , a small deprission in the sphenoid bone .It is attached to the hypothalamic region of the brain by a narrow stalk . The glandsweight about ( 20 mg ) . microscopically it is composed of an epithelial component oradenohypophyis and a nervous component or neurohypophysis . The parancymal cellsof the pars distalis are the chromophilic cells . Pars intermedia consist ofchromophobic cells and basophilic cells . neurohypophysis has scattered pituicytesamong the nerve fibers .

In the current study, ten specimens of the adult ox kidneys have been used to identitymorphology and blood supply features by using corrosion cast technique. The mean bodyweight of ox was 180±10kg. The external surface of the kidneys was elongated oval to pyramid,lobulated flattened ventrodorsally, and light-brown in color. The right kidney is weighted 299±24gm as well as it had two surfaces (ventral and dorsal), two borders (lateral and medial) andtwo poles (cranial and caudal), while the left kidney is weighted 333± 27gm and had threesurfaces (right &left ventral and dorsal), in addition it had two borders and two poles.The renal artery and vein have the same course and each one divided into 2-3 segmental bloodvessels. The segmental artery and vein are divided in to interlobular artery and vein whichsupply medulla and cortex. The interlobular artery & vein were passed through the renalcolumns and branched into arcuate and finally gave off cortical artery and vein.The aim of this study, to exposure the normal gross internal appearance of blood vessels andureter of ox kidneys by using corrosion cast technique.

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This study was designed to explore the effect of nitrate ion on induction of diabetesexperimentally in laboratory mice.Fifteen white mice, 7-8 week olds were randomly dividedinto three equal groups. First group was administrated orally o.3 ml of nitrateion(concentration was 0.25gm/10ml D.W) daily for one month. Second group was administratedorally o.3 ml of potassium nitrate (concentration was 0. 5gm/10ml D.W) daily foronemonth. Third group was administrated orally with 0.3 ml of distilled water (D.W) daily forone month.After 30 post administrationthe concentration of blood glucose of infectedanimals treated with nitrate ion increase in both first and second groups when compared withcontrol group.The histopathological change study showed pathological lesions in pancreasof first grouptreated with nitrate ion showed the exocrine region and islets of Langerhans with damageddue to necrosis, while the second group wasinfected with nitrate ion showed the exocrineregion and islets of Langerhans with necrosis and congestion of blood vessel

The study was designed to observed the anatomical features of the air sacs (Sacci pneumatici)inWhite Cheeked Bulbul (Pycnonotus leucotis) Ten healthy birds from white cheeked bulbul used,five birds extract the part of trachea and incision it after anaesthetized , then insert the cannulathrough trachea and injected the cold cure mixture for corrosion cast making. and macerated by 2%(KOH) for 4 days. and . Five birds used for imaging examination, barium sulphate suspension wereinjected via the trachea using plastic syringe, for radiographic procedure. The number of the airsacs in bulbul (nine) air sacs, cervical ,cranial and caudal thoracic and abdominal air sac , single airinterclavicular.The shaped and locations of these sacs described by using the cold cure corrosion cast andRadiological examinations.

Streptococcus zooepidemicus is one of the the main causitive opportunisticpathogen of the equine genital system and one of the secondary bacterial diseasethat causes mucosal bacterial infections . In the present study, PCR techniquewas used to detect S. zooepidemicus directly from uterine samples of infectedmares based on specific amplification superoxide dismutase (sodA) gene primersthat were designed by using the partial sequence of S.equi subsp. zooepidemicusstrain 65843 superoxide dismutase (sodA) gene, (GenBank: GU436869.1) andprimer3 plus for PCR primer design. The results showed high prevalencedetection of S. zooepidemicus (76%) positive uterine swab samples (38/50). Thisstudy was concluded that S. zooepidemicus is the one of silant pathogen thatcause metritis in mares. PCR is very fast and specific tool used to detect of S.zooepidemicus.