Brucellosis is a zoonotic disease with a high prevalence in humans and farm animals in Turkey. However, data on the genetic diversity of Brucella spp. circulating in Turkey and parts of the Mediterranean region are limited. In the present study, the genetic diversity of 50 B. melitensis isolates from seven regions of Turkey was investigated using multi-locus variable number tandem repeats analysis (MLVA-16). The profiles were compared with 163 B. melitensis isolates recovered from the Mediterranean basin. B. melitensis strains from Turkey contain 46 different genotypes and consist of two main clusters. B. melitensis isolates from Turkey were closely related to isolates from Greece and some Portuguese strains. The same genotypes isolated from different sites show the spread between sites. Therefore, uncontrolled animal movements and the trade of imported animals can be important factors for the spread of brucellosis. The endemic occurrence of B. melitensis in the Mediterranean basin is a result of socio-historical links between Mediterranean countries. Turkish strains belong to the Eastern Mediterranean line. Eradicating brucellosis in countries of the Mediterranean basin with high prevalence is a demanding need to reduce trade barriers and, more importantly, prevent human suffering

Campylobacteriosis is an emerging zoonotic enteric disease that poses a threat to both human health and animal productivity. Poultry is known as the primary reservoir of Campylobacter, and 90% of human Campylobacteriosis is caused by Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli. This is complicated by the worldwide emergence of Campylobacter strains that are resistant to commonly used antimicrobial compounds. In this study, we determined the prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility profiles of Campylobacter coli isolated from cloacal swabs collected from broilers and layers in Mwanza and Arusha, Tanzania. We collected 402 cloacal swabs from broilers and layers. Then, samples were enriched into Bolton Broth supplemented with 5% laked horse blood. Campylobacter was isolated and confirmed by PCR. Antibiogram was done by disk diffusion method using six antibiotics i.e., ampicillin, nalidixic acid, gentamycin, erythromycin, tetracycline, and ciprofloxacin. Of the 402 samples, 31 (7.71%) were confirmed to be Campylobacter coli by PCR. In Mwanza, the overall prevalence was 6.5% (6% and 7% in broilers and layers, respectively), while in Arusha, the overall prevalence was 8.9% (10.8% and 7% in broilers and layers, respectively). Antimicrobial susceptibility testing showed that 80.6%, 16.1%, 9.7%, 9.7%, 6.5%, and 3.2% were resistant to ampicillin, nalidixic acid, erythromycin, tetracycline, ciprofloxacin, and gentamycin, respectively. The rate of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) to at least one antimicrobial was 100%. Eight out of thirty-one (12.9%) isolates were multi-drug-resistant to four different antimicrobial compounds, each with different patterns. Wise use of existing antimicrobials is necessary to curb the increasing trend of AMR strains.

The emergence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) creates a serious public health concern due to its ability to colonize and infect humans and animals. This cross-sectional study investigated the prevalence, antibiotic susceptibility pattern of S. aureus and MRSA isolated from bovine raw milk in the Njombe region, Tanzania. A total of 470 samples, including 389 raw milk samples collected at farm level, 57 raw milk samples from bulk milk-can at collection centers, and 24 swab samples from bulk milk cans. The samples were cultured on mannitol salt agar, presumptive colonies were sub-cultured onto blood agar for the isolation of S. aureus which was subsequently preliminarily confirmed using microbiological and biochemical tests. Further, confirmation of isolates was done using conventional PCR targeting gltB gene for S. aureus and mecA gene for MRSA which was later sequenced. Isolates were tested for antibiotic susceptibility by using the disc agar diffusion method. The overall prevalence of S. aureus in the study was 22.6% (106/470), with 2.9% (14/470) being MRSA. Both S. aureus and MRSA showed high resistance to penicillin (74%, 8.5%) and ampicillin (78%, 11.3%), respectively. A total of 81 (77%) isolates were resistant to at least one antibiotic and 14 isolates (13.2%) showed multidrug-resistant (MDR); with frequent antibiotic resistance patterns being to cefoxitin, penicillin, ciprofloxacin, tetracycline, and erythromycin. In conclusion, the prevalence and the MDR patterns exhibited by S. aureus and MRSA observed in this study provide baseline data for planning mitigation measures to safeguard public health.

In the present study, a hepatic mass measured 9×11×5 cm in the right hepatic lobe was detected incidentally in a less than two years old male Somali goat during routine meat inspection at the Central Muscat Municipality Slaughterhouse, Oman. Gross and microscopic examination revealed a hepatocellular adenoma, a rare finding in goats.

Light-emitting diodes (LED) have been gaining acceptance in agriculture applications as alternatives to incandescent light sources. Daylength intensity and spectral wavelength are important in poultry production and also, in some cases, serve as the only mean of light in some facilities. Therefore, Large White turkey hens of the same strain were reared to market weights using two different housing facilities in combination with different LED light treatments. Each treatment within the environmentally controlled facility (ECF) consisted of four replicate rooms, 16 rooms total in the facility. LED bulbs consisted of 5,000 Kelvin (K) or 2,700K LED in conjunction with a high or low foot-candle (FC) intensity level. Daylength was fixed at 14L:10D. Additionally, birds were reared in a natural curtain-sided facility (6 replicate pens) with exposure to natural light with a 75W incandescent bulb to maintain daylength consistency with the ECF. Performance parameters were measured at 0, 5th, 9th, and 12th week (wk) of age. Serum triiodothyronine (T3) and right eye measurements were taken at the 5th and 9th wk of age. Feather coverage was assessed at the 9th and 12th wk old as indicators of bird wellbeing. Novelty interactions for visual or nutritional items were recorded at 7th wk old. Spectral output within the same Kelvin temperature was significantly altered during dimming to achieve intensity levels. There were mixed performance results; however, cumulatively, birds reared under LED lighting, regardless of LED type or intensity level, had consistently increased body weight. Bird wellbeing was altered under 5,000K LED in combination with 2 FC as measured by a significant elongation of the anterior-posterior distance. However, the same effect was not measured in the 5,000K, 10 FC treatment, or in the 2,700K treatments, regardless of FC measurement. There were no differences among treatments for T3, feather coverage, or latency to approach or interact with novel items. When LED lights are used in environmentally controlled facilities, coupled with novelty interactions, birds maintained and excelled in performance parameters when compared to birds reared with natural light and ventilation conditions.

Primates are known to harbour different gastrointestinal parasite species that affect their survival and reproductive activity. Entamoeba histolytica infects humans predominantly as well as non-human (NH) primates causing amoebiasis. Amoebic dysentery is common amongst non-human primates in captive sites. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the risk factors associated with the prevalence of amoebic dysentery in captive NH primates of the Mefou Primate Sanctuary (MPS) in Cameroon. The faecal samples of 277 NH primates were analysed by qualitative (direct smear and evergreen kit sedimentation technique) coprology from January to July 2019. Factors such as habitat type, keepers age and level of education were assessed to evaluate their effect on the prevalence of amoebic dysentery. The prevalence of Entamoeba histolytica was 46.2% (P=0,079 and 2=18.13). E histolytica was the most predominant parasite species detected and it was present in all instances of mixed parasite infections. Amongst the NH primates positive for E. histolytica, 28 suffered from amoebic dysentery giving a prevalence of 21.9% and one of the infected primates (Cercopithecus pogonias) actually died from amoebic dysentery. The prevalence of mixed infections was significantly lower amongst NH primates living in outdoor enclosures compared to those living in other habitat types (P=0.015, 2=10.46). The rate of re-infection was significantly higher amongst NH primates under the care of keepers with the lowest (primary school) level of education (P=0.001, 2=13.09) on one hand and of older keepers (50s) (P = 0.008, 2=13.708) on the other hand. This study shows that amoebic dysentery is a cause for a major concern in the MPS. The housing conditions of the NH primates at the sanctuary, the keepers age and level of education were important factors that influenced the prevalence of amoebic dysentery. Adequate measures should be put in place to address the situation.

Nutmeg (Myristica fragrans Hout) is a leading commodity from Aceh Province. The high yield of nutmeg oil and its distinctive aroma makes it in demand by the world market. The production of nutmeg plants is currently decreasing due to the disturbance of nuisance organisms so that nutmeg plants get sick and die. Appropriate agro eco-management of the nutmeg system is thought to overcome these problems. Such as by conserving the diversity of arthropod communities. Information regarding the presence of arthropods in nutmeg cultivation is very limited in South Aceh District. This study investigates the abundance of arthropods in nutmeg cultivation in different vegetation to detect the causes of the decline in nutmeg production in the South Aceh district. Sampling was carried out at 2 locations with different vegetation conditions, using the determining sub-samples. Each location consisted of 200 individual nutmeg plants, and at each location, several 20 individual nutmeg plants were assigned as samples. The results showed that the total collection of arthropod populations at the location I found nine orders, namely Araneae, Coleoptera, Dermaptera, Diptera, Homoptera, Hemiptera, Hymenoptera, Isoptera, and Orthoptera. Location II found 12 orders, namely Araneae, Blattodea, Coleoptera, Dermaptera, Diptera, Embioptera, Homoptera, Hemiptera, Hymenoptera, Isoptera, Orthoptera, and Phasmatodea). The class of insects and arachnids found at these two locations is part of the Phylum Arthropoda.

The increase in the house fly population (Musca domestica) indicates pollution from chicken farms due to the chicken feces produced. The house fly population from farms can be reduced by using Black Soldier Fly (BSF) larvae, but the exact number of BSF larvae has yet to be discovered to reduce the house fly population. This study aims to determine the presence of BSF larvae in chicken feces waste media in inhibiting the population of house flies. The research sample used 7-day-old BSF larvae from fishing for BSF flies from nature using organic waste to lay eggs and produce larvae. The research method used a completely randomized design (CRD) consisting of 4 treatments and 3 replications. Treatment without the addition of larvae (P0), 100 grams (P1), 200 grams (P2) and 300 grams (P3) into 1 kg of chicken feces stocked in a 50 cm x 50 cm container. The variable observed was the number of house flies perched on each treatment's feces. The results showed that the number of flies that landed on chicken feces with the addition of 0 g, 100 g, 200 g, and 300 g BSF larvae was 34.3312.09, 22.3310.21, 16.33 2.08 tails, 11.002.64 individuals. Based on the results of statistical analysis, it was found that the population of the house fly was significantly reduced (P0.05) between the addition of 0 grams of BSF larvae, 100 grams, 200 grams and 300 grams. The results of the study concluded that the more BSF larvae added, the less population of house flies perched around chicken feces. The presence of BSF larvae weighing 200 g per kg of chicken feces can reduce the population of flies that perch on chicken feces by 52%.

The leaves of Bandotan (Ageratum conyzoides) are a plant thought to have antibacterial properties. This study aims to determine the sensitivity of Bandotan leaf extract in inhibiting the growth of the bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa. This study used a stock extract of Bandotan leaves from the Pharmacology Laboratory and a bacterial isolate of P. aeruginosa in the Microbiology Laboratory of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, which was identified by Gram staining, indole test, Methyl Red test, and confectionery test. The research method was carried out by planting the re-identified bacterial isolates on Nutrient Broth (NB) media, incubated at 37C for 24 hours. Then the turbidity composition of the isolates was arranged to match the turbidity in 0.5 McFarland solution. Furthermore, the sensitivity test of the extract on Mueller Hinton Agar (MHA) media was carried out by levelling the bacterial isolates on the surface of the media and attaching a disc containing bandotan leaf extract with a concentration of 25%, 50%, 75% and gentamicin disk as a positive control and distilled water as a negative control. All treatments were incubated at 37C for 24 hours, and then the inhibition zone was measured using millimeters (mm) callipers. The results showed that concentrations of 25%, 50% and 75%, respectively, had an inhibition zone of 8.16 mm, 9.82 mm, and 16.08 mm, respectively. In contrast, the average inhibition zone for gentamicin was 25, 30 mm and 0 mm distilled water. Therefore, it can be concluded that the Bandotan leaf extract is sensitive to growth inhibition of P. aeruginosa bacteria.

Respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) or hyaline membrane disease is the most frequent cause of respiratory failure and mortality in preterm infants. As a result, many infants are brought to a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). There may also be other factors that affect the incidence rate of RDS as well. Our research goals are to find out the incidence rate of RDS among three preterm groups and its related factors. In a cross-sectional-descriptive analytical study, newborn data was gathered and assessed by using hospital medical records. One hundred forty-two preterm infants with gestational age 36 weeks were hospitalized in the NICU. All participants were divided into three groups: extremely preterm ( 28 weeks), very preterm (28 to 32 weeks), and moderate-to-late preterm (32 to 36 weeks). The frequency of RDS and some related factors were compared among three groups. Finally, we analyzed the relationship between variables by SPSS statistics software version 19. The level of significance was considered P 0.05. Respiratory distress syndrome was observed in 64.68% of all participants; RDS is more common in infants within 28-32 weeks of gestation (81%), while infants with 28 weeks of gestation and 33-36 weeks of gestation have lower rates (50% and 52 Our study shows a positive correlation between birthweight and RDS as well as between birthweight and gestational age. (P value: 0.001, 0.003). Infants between 28 to 32 gestational age have a higher risk of RDS. The risk of RDS also increases in low birth weight and male infants.