BACKGROUND: Nowadays, due to widespread usage of anti-pain drugs, more attention is being paid to tramadol, although it has only been recognized  rather recently in veterinary medicine. Therefore, evaluation of its effects on various organs is a principal issue. OBJECTIVES: The aim of present study was to investigate cardiac function change following administration of tramadol using electrocardiography and echocardiography. METHODS: Five healthy dogs aged 3-5 years and weighting 20-26 kg were selected for study. To check the health of animals, clinical and laboratory examinations were performed. Then animals were kept for 2 weeks and vaccination and anti parasite therapy were prescribed for them. This study was conducted in 3 stages and ECG and echocardiography were recorded: before tramadol injection, immediately after injection and one hour after that. Parametric data analysis of variance with repeated measure was conducted using SPSS version 20. RESULTS: Along evaluated parameters, only left ventricular volume in end-diastole and end-systole, time interval between the Q wave to aortic valve closure, stroke volume and ejection fraction showed significant difference between the three stages. CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, tramadol shows remarkable anti-pain effects with low cardiac side-effects in comparison to other opioid drugs. However, more studies are needed due to the importance of this subject.

BACKGROUND: The interdigital pouch is an invagination of the skin which locates between the digits in several species of the artiodactyla. It secretes pheromones that play important biological functions in the conspecific chemical communication. OBJECTIVES: This study has been carried out in order to determine the anatomical and radiological structure of the interdigital pouch in native goats. METHODS: Eighty interdigital pouches (40 forefeet and 40 hind feet) of 10 female and 10 male, one to three-years-old, healthy native goats in slaughterhouses of Chaharmahal va Bakhtiari were selected. After dissection, topography of each pouch was determined in the feet. For radiologic studies, contrast urografin media were injected into the pouch and then radiographs and photographs were obtained. Different parts of each pouch were identified and measured between the two limbs in both sexes. Data were analyzed by t-test. RESULTS: In native goats, the pouch, which was observed in all feet,  was a primitive type and located in the space between two hooves at the level of pastern joint. The pouch represents an equilateral triangle with an apex next to the first phalanx and the base near the second phalanx. The best radiographic view for pouch in native goats was dorsopalmar or dorsoplantar. Detection of the pouch in the forelimb was more than that of the hindlimb. Except for the base of pouch, the means of the other parts in male were significantly higher than females. It is difficult or impossible to define the exact radiological and topographical limits of the pouch in goat, due to the absence of secretion, excretory duct and orifice and also the dispersion of structure. CONCLUSIONS: Based on this study, it can be concluded that although the interdigital pouch has only been reported in sheep, deer, moufflon and antelope, it was also found in native goats, but it is not common.

BACKGROUND: Avian influenza is one of the most important diseases both economically and from a public health viewpoint. OBJECTIVES: To investigate the serological and molecular prevalence of AI-H9N2 in live bird markets, bird gardens, parks and zoos. METHODS: This cross-sectional study was conducted from August to December 2016.  In each unit, 40 blood samples from different bird species and 60 cloacal samples from waterfowl (ducks and geese) were taken. All sera samples were tested by HI for detection of antibodies against H9N2 virus. The birds with sera titer =>4 (log2) and units with at least one positive bird were considered as positive. Swab samples were tested by RT-PCR method using two pairs of primers to detect M and H9 gene of H9N2 virus. RESULTS: 2638 sera samples from birds in 127 units in 22 provinces and 3001 swab samples from duck and goose were taken. 73 units out of 127 (57.48 %; 95 % confidence interval, 66.2 % - 48.4 %) and 720 birds from a total of 2638 birds (27.29 %: 95 % confidence interval, 29.6 % - 25.6 %) were sero-positive. Among the bird species, the highest seroprevalence was 47.6 % and 45.3 % in turkey and chicken, respectively and the lowest seroprevalence was 13.8 % and 16.3 % for ducks and geese, respectively. 39 pooled samples from 18 units (14.75 %) were positive. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study showed high prevalence and circulation of avian influenza H9N2 viruses among poultry in these markets. Organizing the markets by improving the health and biosecurity of the markets, and it is necessary to educate the people and continuously surveillance the birds that offered in the markets to control the disease.

BACKGROUND: Congenital Toxoplasma gondii infection during pregnancy due to reduced maternal immune system could increase the risk of a child's autism disorder. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to compare the Toxoplasma gondii infection in children with autism and normal children. METHODS: The research method was a case control study. The participants included 50 autistic children and 50 normal (N=100) children, aged between 3 and 12 years-old. They were matched according to age, socio-economic status, severity of the disorder, lack of physical and mental illness and other criteria considered in this research. From each group 5ml blood samples were collected to assess the prevalence of antibody against Toxoplasma gondii. To investigate the research hypotheses, the data were analyzed by Chi-square test. RESULTS: The results showed that children with autism had a higher level of frequency contamination with Toxoplasma gondii parasite infection than normal group (p < /em><0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Infection rate of Toxoplasma gondii in children with autism was significantly higher than in normal children.

BACKGROUND: Aflatoxins are mainly developed during the storage of feedstuffs, and their destruction is difficult after the occurrence. The most practical strategy to combat aflatoxins is the use of mycotoxin binders. OBJECTIVES: Comparison of the efficiency of traditional and lab-synthesized polymeric mycotoxin binder with gastrointestinal microflora modulating feed additives in amelioration of aflatoxin effects in broiler chicken. METHODS: A total of 240 1-day old broilers (Ross 308, straight forward) were examined in a completely randomized design with five treatments and four replicates of 12 birds for 24 days of study duration. Treatments were: 1. The negative control, feed without aflatoxin or any feed additive, 2. The positive control, aflatoxins contaminated feed (500 µg/kg), 3. Aflatoxins + probiotic (Hypro Tect), 4. Aflatoxins + molecular imprinted polymer (MIP), and 5. Aflatoxins + commercial toxin-binder (Zarin-binder). The growth performance of birds was measured during the experiment. At the end of the experiment, some biochemical and immunological analyses were performed on blood samples. Some bone characteristics were studied on tibia samples. RESULTS: Supplementation of probiotics and toxin-binder in aflatoxin-contaminated feed improved the aflatoxin-induced reduction of feed intake and body weight gain in the first 10 days of the experiment (p < /em><0.05), compared to positive control group. Aflatoxin alone (the positive control) or with the feed additives did not affect feed conversion ratio. Aflatoxin reduced the levels of serum total protein, albumin, phosphorus, magnesium, and zinc (p < /em><0.05). Use of probiotic, MIP and commercial toxin-binder, in aflatoxin-contaminated feeds, has alleviated the adverse effects of aflatoxin on serum albumin (p < /em><0.05). The tibia weight increased in probiotic and MIP fed broilers compared to the birds fed aflatoxin-contaminated feed without additives-the positive control (p < /em><0.05). The highest tibia breaking strength was observed in probiotic fed birds, which was different from that of the positive control group. The tibia length was decreased by the aflatoxin compared to the negative control birds (p < /em><0.05). Anti-SRBC titers were decreased in aflatoxin contaminated group without feed additive supplementation-positive control (p < /em><0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The tested feed additives in present study exerted just partial protection against some aflatoxicosis effects. The extent of effectiveness of studied feed additives in amelioration of aflatoxicosis affects on performance, immunological, skeletal and serum biochemical parameters could be ranked as probiotics, MIP and toxin binder, respectively.

BACKGROUND: The decreases in insulin sensitivity and extensive perinatal lipolysis are common causes of metabolic diseases related to energy metabolism in ewes. OBJECTIVES: The present study was designed to study the effect of organic zinc on glucose metabolism and insulin resistance indices in early lactating ewes. METHODS: 18 Ghezel ewes were divided into three groups based on organic zinc supplementation, including CTR: (basal diet without Zinc), LZn: (basal diet supplemented with 30 mg Zn/kgDM) and group 3, HZn: (basal diet supplemented with 300 mg Zn/kgDM). RESULTS: The results of this study showed no significant differences between the experimental groups in glucose, NEFAs, BHB, cholesterol, triglyceride, and insulin concentrations. Furthermore, the effect of zinc on the insulin to glucose ratio was not significant among the experimental groups (p < /em>>0.05). Supplementation of zinc-methionine significantly increased serum zinc concentration in ewes (p < /em><0.001). The area under the curve (AUC60, AUC120) was the highest for the control group and LZn and the lowest for HZn group (p < /em><0.05). The rate of glucose clearance in zinc-methionine supplement recipients was higher compared to the control group. The time to reach half maximal glucose concentration in zinc treated ewes was significantly lower than that of the control group (p < /em><0.001), indicating an improvement in insulin sensitivity and glucose metabolism. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings indicate that Zinc is effective in improving the NEB and preventing insulin resistance in early lactation. It is possible that in sheep, the tissue responsiveness to insulin is enhanced with dietary Zn supplementation, and present findings suggest that dietary Zn-Met may improve energy balance and insulin resistance in lactating ewes.

BACKGROUND: Leptospirosis is a common bacterial disease in humans and livestock, which leads to reduced production and reproductive disorders in ruminants and also causes major economic losses to villagers and farmers. OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to investigate the seroprevalence of different Leptospira interrogans serovars in ruminants population of Lorestan province and assess the role of environmental and host factors on the severity of the serological infection. METHODS: For this purpose, referring to livestock and sheep and goat flocks in different cities of Lorestan province, 691 blood samples were collected including 258 sheep, 195 goats and 238 cows, and then, the point of infection with seven different serovars of Leptospira interogans was assessed using microscopic agglutination test. Hosting factors such as age, gender and also environmental factors including geographical area, rainfall, temperature, relative humidity and altitude of sampling area from the sea level were recorded, and their probable role in the seroprevalence was statistically analyzed. RESULTS: Results of this study showed that the overall prevalence of leptospirosis in cattle, sheep, and goats examined in the Lorestan province was 26.05 % (95 % CI: 19.7-31.23), 22.48 % (95 % CI: 16.95-25.16) and 14.87% (95 % CI: 9.37-20.36), respectively. There was no statistically significant (p < /em>>0.05) difference from the point of age groups and sexes. The most prevalent contaminant serovars for cows, sheep, and goats with seropositive reaction against leptospira were grippotyphosa (41.93%), canicola (32.76%) and canicola (48.27 %), respectively. The results showed environmental factors including relative humidity (p < /em>=0.02), annual rainfall (p < /em>=0.001) and altitude from the sea level of sampling location (p < /em>=0.03) have a significant effect but the annual temperature does not have a significant effect (p < /em><0.05) on the seroprevalence of Leptospira. Also, more positive reactive animals in the eastern and western areas of Lorestan province were found (p < /em>>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Leptospirosis is endemic in livestock population of Lorestan province and environmental factors play a significant role in the severity of infection, which increases the need for attention to the geographical areas at risk.

BACKGROUND: Tendon repair requires a sequence of medical procedures such as physical modalities, tissue engineering, growth factors, and mechanical stimulation. Previous studies have shown that using of PRP is effective in tendon healing. OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to investigate the differentiation effect of PRCR on mesenchymal stem cells extracted from rabbits’ bone marrow. METHODS: Mesenchymal stem cells were extracted from bone marrow (BM-MSCs) of 10 New Zealand white rabbits. The cells were then examined both flow cytometrically and morphologically. Afterwards, the cells received treatment using PRCR. Finally, the markers indicating tenocytes were analyzed through the method of Real-Time PCR. RESULTS: Investigating the differences between differentiated cells and undifferentiated stem cells (BM-MSCs) regarding the expression of four genes including Scx, Tnmd, Col I, and Tenascin C revealed that the level of expression in all the four genes was significantly enhanced after receiving PRCR- mediated treatment. CONCLUSIONS: BM-MSCs treated with PRCR express high levels of tendon-related genes and undergo differentiation into tenocyte-like cells.

BACKGROUND: Detection of ovulation time using progesterone measurement is important to inseminate or breeding during the optimum time. OBJECTIVES: The aim of present study was evaluation of bovine progesterone semi-quantitative test kit for estimation of blood serum progesterone levels in bitch. METHODS: Five healthy intact anestrus bitches were used in the present study. Dogs were treated with cabergolin until onset of proestrus. Vaginal cytology, ultrasonography and blood sampling were performed from the 7th day of proestrus until two days after ovulation. Blood serum samples were divided as follows: one part to measure progesterone level by using RIA, and the other part was investigated by bovine progesterone semi-quantitative test kit. Ovarian changes were evaluated by ultrasonography and assessment of the estrus cycle was performed by vaginal cytology examination. RESULTS: Following Spearman analysis, significant positive correlation was observed between the semi-quantitative test kit and RIA results (r=0.916; p < /em>=0.00). The results of ROC and Kappa analysis suggested that the highest diagnostic accuracy of progesterone semi-quantitative test kit was observed in the blood serum progesterone levels of 2 and 5 ng/ml. The sensitivity and specificity of the used kit at the level of 5 ng/ml of progesterone were 88.5 and 93.7 %, respectively. The sensitivity and specificity of the used kit at the level of 10 ng/ml of progesterone were 82.4 and 96 % and at the level of 10 ng/ml were 82.4 and 96%, respectively. The observed scores during the late proestrus were 2-3 and just one dog showed score 4. During the estrus phase, in two dogs scores 4-5 and in three dogs scores 3-5 were revealed.   CONCLUSIONS: Bovine progesterone semi-quantitative test kit is useful for estimation of estrus cycles in bitch. Scores of 4 and 5 of semi-quantitative test kit indicate ovulation time and proper breeding time.

BACKGROUND: Salmonella are endemic on most large intensive dairy farms and salmonellosis is a common cause of neonatal morbidity and mortality. Disease and mortality usually reflect a variety of management events and environmental stressors that contribute to compromised host immunity and increased pathogen exposure. OBJECTIVES: In this study, PCR method was used to identify Salmonella Enteritidis, Infantis, Dublin and serovars isolated from diarrhea samples and aborted fetuses of Tehran and Alborz provinces dairy Farms. Further observation showed that the isolation of S. Enteritidis and S. Infantis is closely related to the consumption of contaminated poultry meat powder in diet of cows. METHODS: Forty-one Salmonella were isolated from diarrhea and aborted fetus samples in Tehran and Alborz provinces Farms and were confirmed by biochemical assays, then the isolates were identified by serological methods by polyvalent and monovalent Salmonella antisera. DNA of samples was extracted by Boiling method and was tested by PCR. Salmonella serovars were identified according to the presence of specificgenes for Salmonella Enteritidis, Infantis and Dublin.  RESULTS: All samples were tested by PCR were positive. 32 samples were identified as Salmonella Enteritidis (78/04 %), 4 samples were identified as Salmonella Infantis (9/77 %) and 5 samples were identified as Salmonella Dublin (12/19 %). CONCLUSIONS: According to the results, it seems that PCR can be used as a alternative method to the expensive and time consuming biochemical and serological methods for identifying Salmonella serovars. As Salmonella Enteritidis was usually isolated from poultry, isolation from cows may be due to has been used chicken meat powder in diet of the dairy farms.