OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effects of withholding food on the results for measurements of serum concentrations of cobalamin, folate, canine pancreatic lipase immunoreactivity (cPLI), and canine trypsin-like immunoreactivity (cTLI) in healthy dogs. ANIMALS 11 healthy employee- or student-owned dogs. PROCEDURES Food was withheld from the dogs for 12 hours, baseline blood samples were collected, then dogs were fed. Postprandial blood samples collected 1, 2, 4, and 8 hours later were assessed. A mixed-effects ANOVA model with fasting duration (time) as a fixed factor and dog as a random effect was fit for each analyte variable. Additionally, a mixed-effects ANOVA model controlling for the variable of time was fit to assess whether lipemia affected serum concentrations of the analytes. RESULTS The median serum cobalamin concentration was lower at 4 hours (428 ng/L) and 8 hours (429 ng/L) postprandially, compared with baseline (479 ng/L), but this difference was not clinically meaningful. Although there were no substantial differences in serum concentrations of folate, cPLI, or cTLI, postprandial changes in serum concentrations of cTLI or folate could potentially affect diagnoses in some dogs. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Although results indicated that feedings rarely resulted in clinically important differences in the median serum concentrations of cobalamin, folate, cPLI, or cTLI in healthy dogs, given the further processing required for lipemic samples, withholding food for at least 8 hours is an appropriate recommendation when measuring these analytes. Similar research is needed in dogs with gastrointestinal disease to determine whether the withholding of food is necessary when measuring these analytes in affected dogs.

The popularity and availability of echocardiography in veterinary practice for companion animals have substantially increased in recent years. The results obtained during the procedure are compared to reference values established for the general dog population or to standards developed for a specific dog breed. The aim of this study was to determine whether individual dog traits, such as body weight, chest structure, and level of physical activity and performance, affect the reference values for echocardiographic parameters. Published reference values for echocardiographic examination parameters for 32 dog breeds were analyzed and the relationship between individual echocardiographic parameters and body weight, chest structure, and level of physical activity and performance was then statistically analyzed. It was found that echocardiographic parameters are affected by the dog's weight and physical activity. There was no significant relationship between heart size and chest structure. The great variety of dog breeds means that echocardiographic findings should be individually interpreted rather than establishing reference ranges for each breed in population studies. This will allow for a more accurate interpretation of the results obtained in the echocardiographic examination and consequently lead to earlier diagnosis of changes in myocardial morphology.

Various types of pain were reported by people with Plasmodium falciparum and were mostly attributed to a symptom of malarial infection. Neural processes of pain sensation during malarial infection and their contributions to malaria-related death are poorly understood. Thus, these form the focus of this study. Swiss mice used for this study were randomly divided into two groups. Animals in the first group (Pb-infected group) were inoculated with Plasmodium berghei to induce malaria whilst the other group (intact group) was not infected. Formalin test was used to assess pain sensitivity in both groups and using various antagonists, the possible mechanism for deviation in pain sensitivity was probed. Also, plasma and brain samples collected from animals in both groups were subjected to biochemical and/or histological studies. The results showed that Pb-infected mice exhibited diminished pain-related behaviours to noxious chemical. The observed parasite-induced analgesia appeared to be synergistically mediated via µ-opioid, α2 and 5HT2A receptors. When varied drugs capable of decreasing pain threshold (pro-nociceptive drugs) were used, the survival rate was not significantly different in the Pb-infected mice. This showed little or no contribution of the pain processing system to malaria-related death. Also, using an anti-CD68 antibody, there was no immunopositive cell in the brain to attribute the observed effects to cerebral malaria. Although in the haematoxylin and eosin-stained tissues, there were mild morphological changes in the motor and anterior cingulate cortices. In conclusion, the pain symptom was remarkably decreased in the animal model for malaria, and thus, the model may not be appropriate for investigating malaria-linked pain as reported in humans. This is the first report showing that at a critical point, the malaria parasite caused pain-relieving effects in Swiss mice.

In this study, the serological surveillance of Rift Valley Fever virus (RVFV) in southern Egypt was carried out for 460 serum samples collected from domestic animals (unvaccinated), including cattle, sheep, goat, camel and donkey reared in three different provinces (Qena, Luxor and Aswan). Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to detect RVFV antibodies. The results showed that 97 out of 460 animals were positive by using blocking ELISA. The percentage of RVFV infection in cattle, sheep, goat, camel and donkey was 5.55%, 65.21%, 14.44%, 20.65% and 0%, respectively. Geographical distribution and breeding system were taken into consideration for RVFV infection in these animals. The most prevalent type of infection was identified in intensive breeding farms systems (27.63%), and then in individual breeding systems (11.68%). Qena had a higher infection rate of RVFV (23.55%), in comparison to Aswan and Luxor (20.65% and 14.14%, respectively). Marked seroprevalence recorded in this study indicates a high incidence of infection in sheep (65.21%) and camel (20.65%); this necessitates the application of more effective strategies to control these types of infections in Egypt. This study provides a concise picture about the RVFV disease in southern Egypt. We need more similar studies targeted to clarify the reliable epidemiological status of RVFV disease in southern Egypt and other localities.

This study was designed to provide important clinical signs for tracking nerves in the mandible during regional anesthesia in Gurcu goats. Materials and methods: The study was conducted on the mandible bones of ten adult Gurcu goats of both sex (five male and five female). The mandible bone samples of naturally dead Gurcu goat were collected from Kafkas University veterinary faculty education, research, and application farm and processed as per the standard maceration technique. Altogether, 16 measurements were taken in the mandible bones of Gurcu goats by using a digital caliper and the results were expressed as mean and standard deviation.The obtained parameters from the present study can be useful for an extraoral and intraoral approach for nerve block of mental and mandibular nerve in the mandibular regions of Gurcu goat. According to results the mandibular length and height were 158.86±10.37 mm, 89.38±5.81 mm, in females and 198.93±3.85 mm, 114.5±7.29 mm, in males of Gurcu goats, respectively. The distance between the first inferior incisor tooth and mental foramen and to the first premolar tooth was 19.72±2.3, 19.26±0.44 mm in females, and 29.41±6.10, 21.83±1.02 mm, in males, respectively. The present study revealed that all the obtained parameters related to regional anesthesia showed a significant statistical difference (p<0.01**) between the males and females of Gurcu goat.It can be concluded from the present study that the various applied parameters of the present study are thought to assist clinicians in the administration of regional anesthesia in the lower jaw area (mandibular region) of the Gurcu goat.

The researcher’s attention nephrotoxicity from antibiotics (as aminoglycosides), non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and antifungals, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors. Several drugs have resulted in produce an adverse effect on kidneys. Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) is a component of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), which leads to the conversion of Angiotensin-I to Angiotensin-II in vascular tissues. The aim of this work was to investigate the effect on serum angiotensin converting enzyme of the amikacin. In this study, two different groups were formed as control (10 rats / Wistar-albino female) and experimental group (30 rats / Wistar-albino female). The experimental group was administered 15 mg/kg amikacin intraperitoneally (ip) for 14 days, and the control group was administered saline solution at the same rate.When the groups are compared according to the statistical results, it is seen that there is a significant increase in ACE activity of the experimental group compared to the control group (p˂0.001).As a result, it was determined that amikacin administered increased serum ACE activity and it was concluded that it may be useful to investigate the possibilities to evaluate it as a risk factor and indicator in the development of hypertension.

Indiscriminate use of antibiotics in poultry farms increases the chance of antibiotic resistant and extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) producing bacteria in Bangladesh. Therefore, the study was under taken to detect ESBL producing Escherichia coli (E. coli) in chickens. Materials and methods: A total of 60 cloacal swab samples (20 from commercial layer, 20 from commercial broiler and 20 from commercial sonali chickens) were collected from Rajshahi district of Bangladesh. The E. coli was isolated from these samples and identified based on cultural, staining, and biochemical characteristics. The disk diffusion method was used to assay the antibiotic resistant/sensitivity patterns of the isolated E. coli. Phenotypc detection of ESBL producing E. coli was also done.The prevalence of E. coli in chickens was 61.67% in Rajshahi district of Bangladesh, where the prevalence was 60%, 60%, and 65% in commercial layer, commercial broiler, and commercial sonali chickens, respectively. The antibiotic sensitivity assay of E. coli isolated from commercial layer chickens showed 100%, 80%, 50%, 40%, and 40% resistant to amoxicillin, tetracycline, cefotaxime, ciprofloxacin, and ceftazidime, respectively. E. coli isolated from commercial broiler chickens showed 100%, 100%, 60%, 50%, and 40% resistant to amoxicillin, tetracycline, cefotaxime, ceftazidime, and ciprofloxacin, respectively. E. coli isolated from commercial sonali chickens showed 90%, 70%, 50%, 50%, and 40% resistant to amoxicillin, tetracycline, cefotaxime, ciprofloxacin, and ceftazidime, respectively. In phenotypic detection, the overall prevalence of ESBL producing E. coli was 43.33%, where 40%, 50%, and 40% in the commercial layer, commercial broiler, and commercial sonali chickens, respectively in Rajshahi district of Bangladesh.These results indicated that chickens are a potential reservoir for ESBL producing E. coli and their antibiotic resistances are obviously significant. These findings will help us to make proper guideline for the treatment, prevention and control of E. coli prevalent in chickens in Bangladesh.

The present study was carried out to investigate the possibility of using different levels of bee pollen and apigenin extract in beef meatballs to evaluate shelf-life, nutritional and quality properties of beef meatballs under different storage conditions. It was determined, using the HPLC method, that bee pollen contains a high level of apigenin under optimal conditions. Bee pollen and apigenin were added to meatballs at different concentrations in five groups. Meatballs were made with control, 1-2% bee pollens/apigenin. Quality and safety evaluation of meatballs were determined by sensory, physicochemical, biochemical and microbiological tests. The analyses were conducted at 1st, 3rd, 7th and 14th days of interval. A statistically significant decrease was found in FFA, POV and TBARS levels of meatballs on different days of storage (p<0.05). When compared to the control group, the bioactive compounds preserved the microbiological and chemical properties of meatballs during frozen storage (14 days).It was concluded that the extracts with 2% bee pollen concentrations can be used as biopreservative agents for meat and meat products.

In this case report, the clinical and radiographic results of the treatment of Salter Harris Type II fracture in the left humerus of a 10-month-old female and crossbred dog with parallel pin technique was evaluated. The dog with complaining of lameness was brought to Siirt University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Clinic of Surgery Department and local fracture findings were found in the distal 1/3 of the left humerus. On radiological examination, it was found that the distal physeal line of the left humerus was detached. Also, it was seen that the integrity of the bone cortex was disrupted through in a line that included the metaphysis at the medial angle. In the operation, following the reduction of the fracture fragments, 2 krischner pins with 2 mm in diameter parallel to each other were applied from the medial cortex of the humerus to the lateral side of the distal condule and fixation was achieved. After the operation, the limb was taken to a backed bandage. In the radiological examination of the case on post-op 3rd week, it was found that the formation of the collus began. On the post-op 21st day, the bandage was removed and physical therapy applications were started to apply. On the post-op 4th week, it was seen that the dog used the extremity functionally and it was discharged. As a result, it was concluded that parallel double pin applications can be used successfully in the treatment of Salter Harris Type II fractures that are formed in the distal of dog's humerus.