Objective: Diabetes mellitus and obesity stand as globally prevalent, life-threatening metabolic diseases. It has been reported that the intake of a high-sugar diet (HSD) increases the risk of developing diabetes and obesity. Therefore, it is necessary to find an alternative supplemental diet that could reduce the harmful consequences of excessive sugar consumption. The current study aimed to explore how jackfruit seed powder (JSP) could potentially prevent metabolic diseases in mice induced by an HSD. Materials and Methods: Swiss albino male mice were categorized into six groups fed normal and HSDs with or without JSP supplementation for 8 weeks. After the end of the feeding trial, different parameters related to glucose and lipid homeostasis were measured. Results: We found that 20% of JSP supplementation significantly decreased food intake and body weight gain induced by HSD. Supplementation of JSP reduced the liver weight, white adipose tissue, and brown adipose tissue weight in HSD-fed mice. Moreover, the addition of JSP with HSD improved the glucose tolerance test and reduced the levels of total cholesterol, triglyceride, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Conclusion: These findings indicate that adding 20% JSP is particularly efficient in averting the onset of metabolic diseases induced by an HSD. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2025; 12(2.000): 374-384]

Objective: Diabetes mellitus and obesity stand as globally prevalent, life-threatening metabolic diseases. It has been reported that the intake of a high-sugar diet (HSD) increases the risk of developing diabetes and obesity. Therefore, it is necessary to find an alternative supplemental diet that could reduce the harmful consequences of excessive sugar consumption. The current study aimed to explore how jackfruit seed powder (JSP) could potentially prevent metabolic diseases in mice induced by an HSD. Materials and Methods: Swiss albino male mice were categorized into six groups fed normal and HSDs with or without JSP supplementation for 8 weeks. After the end of the feeding trial, different parameters related to glucose and lipid homeostasis were measured. Results: We found that 20% of JSP supplementation significantly decreased food intake and body weight gain induced by HSD. Supplementation of JSP reduced the liver weight, white adipose tissue, and brown adipose tissue weight in HSD-fed mice. Moreover, the addition of JSP with HSD improved the glucose tolerance test and reduced the levels of total cholesterol, triglyceride, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Conclusion: These findings indicate that adding 20% JSP is particularly efficient in averting the onset of metabolic diseases induced by an HSD. J. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res., 12(2): 374–384, June 2025 http://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2025.l905

Objective: The purpose of the research was to assess possible diagnostic parameters related to subclinical mastitis in goats. Materials and Methods: Individual samples of milk from goats were separated into three groups based on the chloride concentration: group I < 70 mmol/l; II group 70–85 mmol/l; III group > 85 mmol/l. The composition of milk was studied, and smears were also made. Results: When the chloride content in goat milk exceeds 85 mmol/l, the somatic cell count increases by 3.2–5.7 times in relation to milk with a chloride content below 70 mmol/l, depending on the research method used. In the second group, the indicators exceed those of the first group by 2.1–3.8 times. Compared to the second and third groups, the indicator of electrical conductivity in goats of the first group was lower by 13.1% and 31.3%, respectively. Milk from healthy goats, characterized by a chloride content of less than 70 mmol/l, shows a chlorosugar number averaging 5 (ranging from 4.1 to 5.9). In cases where chloride levels in milk exceed 85 mmol/l, the average indicator of the chlorosugar number is 7.2 (from 6.5 to 7.9). If the content of chlorides is > 85 mmol/l, a positive result of the settling test with goat's milk is noted. Conclusion: A set of indicators such as chloride content > 85 mmol/l, the number of somatic cells >2 million/ml, chlorosugar number ≥ 7, along with confirmed results in the settling and mastidine tests—can be used as a diagnostic criterion for subclinical mastitis in goats. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2025; 12(2.000): 582-588]

Objective: The purpose of the research was to assess possible diagnostic parameters related to subclinical mastitis in goats. Materials and Methods: Individual samples of milk from goats were separated into three groups based on the chloride concentration: group I < 70 mmol/l; II group 70–85 mmol/l; III group > 85 mmol/l. The composition of milk was studied, and smears were also made. Results: When the chloride content in goat milk exceeds 85 mmol/l, the somatic cell count increases by 3.2–5.7 times in relation to milk with a chloride content below 70 mmol/l, depending on the research method used. In the second group, the indicators exceed those of the first group by 2.1–3.8 times. Compared to the second and third groups, the indicator of electrical conductivity in goats of the first group was lower by 13.1% and 31.3%, respectively. Milk from healthy goats, characterized by a chloride content of less than 70 mmol/l, shows a chlorosugar number averaging 5 (ranging from 4.1 to 5.9). In cases where chloride levels in milk exceed 85 mmol/l, the average indicator of the chlorosugar number is 7.2 (from 6.5 to 7.9). If the content of chlorides is > 85 mmol/l, a positive result of the settling test with goat’s milk is noted. Conclusion: A set of indicators such as chloride content > 85 mmol/l, the number of somatic cells >2 million/ml, chlorosugar number ≥ 7, along with confirmed results in the settling and mastidine tests—can be used as a diagnostic criterion for subclinical mastitis in goats. J. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res., 12(2): 582–588, June 2025 http://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2025.l922

Objective: The aim of this study was to examine the solvent conditions suitable for preparing samples of total mixed ration (TMR) silage and ruminal fluid, with or without chitosan inclusion, to achieve more sensitive, specific, and repeatable analyses. Material and Methods: The metabolome contained in the sample was determined using an ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry quadrupole using samples in the form of TMR silage (silage with 0.5% inclusion of chitosan, silage without chitosan addition) and rumen fluid (rumen fluid containing 0.5% chitosan, ruminal fluid without chitosan) with and without the addition of chitosan, as well as three different solvent ratios: 50% water MS grade: 50% methanol (MeOH) MS grade (1), 20% water MS grade: 80% MeOH MS grade (2), and 0% water MS grade: 100% MeOH MS grade (3). Results: The TMR silage samples contained 311 metabolites, amino acid compounds predominating, followed by fatty acids and amines. Fatty acids, organic phosphate, and amines dominated the 39 metabolites found in rumen fluid samples. In the TMR silages, 100% MeOH seemed to be able to distinguish samples more effectively than other solvents; moreover, cinnamic acid, D-(+)-proline, and L(+)-ornithine were the three highest variable importance for projection values among prospective metabolite markers for silage samples. Whereas the use of a 50% MeOH to 50% water solvent ratio achieved the best discrimination results in rumen fluid samples, the three highest variable importance for projection values among prospective metabolite markers for ruminal fluid samples were triethyl phosphate, dibenzylamine, and phosphoric acid. Conclusion: 100% MeOH is able to distinguish TMR silage, while 50% MeOH to 50% water is best for ruminal fluid samples. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2025; 12(2.000): 589-600]

Objective: The aim of this study was to examine the solvent conditions suitable for preparing samples of total mixed ration (TMR) silage and ruminal fluid, with or without chitosan inclusion, to achieve more sensitive, specific, and repeatable analyses. Material and Methods: The metabolome contained in the sample was determined using a ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry quadrupole using samples in the form of TMR silage (silage with 0.5% inclusion of chitosan, silage without chitosan addition) and rumen fluid (rumen fluid containing 0.5% chitosan, ruminal fluid without chitosan) with and without the addition of chitosan, as well as three different solvent ratios: 50% water MS grade: 50% methanol (MeOH) MS grade (1), 20% water MS grade: 80% MeOH MS grade (2), and 0% water MS grade: 100% MeOH MS grade (3). Results: The TMR silage samples contained 311 metabolites, amino acid compounds predominating, followed by fatty acids and amines. Fatty acids, organic phosphate, and amines dominated the 39 metabolites found in rumen fluid samples. In the TMR silages, 100% MeOH seemed to be able to distinguish samples more effectively than other solvents; moreover, cinnamic acid, D-(+)-proline, and L(+)-ornithine were the three highest variable importance for projection values among prospective metabolite markers for silage samples. Whereas the use of a 50% MeOH to 50% water solvent ratio achieved the best discrimination results in rumen fluid samples, the three highest variable importance for projection values among prospective metabolite markers for ruminal fluid samples were triethyl phosphate, dibenzylamine, and phosphoric acid. Conclusion: 100% MeOH is able to distinguish TMR silage, while 50% MeOH to 50% water is best for ruminal fluid samples. J. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res., 12(2): 589–600, June 2025 http://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2025.l923

Objective: Animal migration can spread different diseases from farm to farm without being noticed. Despite bovine brucellosis being endemic in Myanmar, seroprevalence and risk related to farmers' behaviors and cattle migration remain unclear. Thus, understanding brucellosis in seasonal cattle migration is essential to avoid negative economic and public health outcomes. As seasonal cattle movement is done to satisfy local environmental limits, Brucellosis is predisposed in cattle herds of the Central Dry Zone of the country. Materials and Methods: In this study, farmer characteristics and seasonal cattle movement practices were investigated for bovine brucellosis prevalence in three Central Myanmar regions from July to August 2022. Blood samples were taken for the Rose Bengal Plate Test to detect brucellosis prevalence. Results: Seasonal migratory farmers had a lower education level, more family members, more cattle heads, and higher income from cattle raising. Influences on disease knowledge included frequent veterinary access (7.02%) and limited disease control training (17.39%). Young farmers with low educational level (p < 0.01), more family members (p < 0.01), less farming experience (p < 0.01), fewer cattle (p < 0.01), cow abortion cases (p < 0.01), farming practices from veterinary access (p < 0.01), and longer migratory distances to grazing pastures (p < 0.01) have higher possibilities to get prevalence of bovine brucellosis at farm level. Conclusion: This study found that farmers' characteristics, migratory practices, migration distance, and abortion history influence Brucellsis prevalence at the farm level. Migratory farmers need farmer collaboration and veterinary training to learn effective farming practices. Access to veterinary services and farmer awareness campaigns about livestock migration risks are essential. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2025; 12(2.000): 350-360]

Objective: Animal migration can spread different diseases from farm to farm without being noticed. Despite bovine brucellosis being endemic in Myanmar, seroprevalence and risk related to farmers’ behaviors and cattle migration remain unclear. Thus, understanding brucellosis in seasonal cattle migration is essential to avoid negative economic and public health outcomes. As seasonal cattle movement is done to satisfy local environmental limits, Brucellosis is predisposed in cattle herds of the Central Dry Zone of the country. Materials and Methods: In this study, farmer characteristics and seasonal cattle movement practices were investigated for bovine brucellosis prevalence in three Central Myanmar regions from July to August 2022. Blood samples were taken for the Rose Bengal Plate Test to detect brucellosis prevalence. Results: Seasonal migratory farmers had a lower education level, more family members, more cattle heads, and higher income from cattle raising. Influences on disease knowledge included frequent veterinary access (7.02%) and limited disease control training (17.39%). Young farmers with low educational level (p < 0.01), more family members (p < 0.01), less farming experience (p < 0.01), fewer cattle (p < 0.01), cow abortion cases (p < 0.01), farming practices from veterinary access (p < 0.01), and longer migratory distances to grazing pastures (p < 0.01) have higher possibilities to get prevalence of bovine brucellosis at farm level. Conclusion: This study found that farmers’ characteristics, migratory practices, migration distance, and abortion history influence Brucellosis prevalence at the farm level. Migratory farmers need farmer collaboration and veterinary training to learn effective farming practices. Access to veterinary services and farmer awareness campaigns about livestock migration risks are essential. J. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res., 12(2): 350–360, June 2025 http://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2025.l903

Objective: The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of moisture and fermentation length on the chemical compositions, fermentation characteristics, feed-out phase, and ruminal digestibility of fermented concentrate using tamanu kernel cake (TKC) as the main protein source. Materials and Methods: The concentrate was formulated to contain 16.5% crude protein (CP) and 35% neutral detergent fiber consisting of 40% TKC, 7.60% soybean meal, 25.0% wheat pollard, 26.4% dried cassava, and 1% molasses. Those ingredients were mixed and fermented anaerobically at 5 kg into a vacuumed plastic bag with different additional sterile distilled water to reach moisture levels at 25% (MO25), 35% (MO35), and 45% (MO45). Each moisture level was incubated with different fermentation lengths consisting of 2, 7, 14, 21, and 42 days in quadruplicate. After fermentation, each silo was sub-sampled for laboratory analyses. Results: MO25 and MO35 led to higher CP with lower acid detergent fiber than MO45. In the fermentation, MO35 and MO45 generated higher (p < 0.05) lactate than MO25. An extended fermentation length linearly dropped (p < 0.05) dry matter, CP, and ether extract, but gradually increased (p < 0.05) ammonia-N, lactate, acetate, and the counts of lactic acid bacteria, yeast, and bacilli. After 42 days, MO25 and MO35 initiated higher (p < 0.05) aerobic stability. The digestibility and total volatile fatty acid (VFA) in the rumen increased (p < 0.05) over 2 days. However, prolonged fermentation length linearly decreased (p < 0.05) total VFA and methane emission without affecting rumen pH, ammonia-N, and each VFA profile. Conclusion: The application of MO35 was found to reduce nutrient loss and improve aerobic stability comparable to MO25 while achieving fermentation quality similar to MO45, and short-term fermentation, such as 2 days, could improve ruminal digestibility. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2025; 12(2.000): 433-444]

Objective: The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of moisture and fermentation length on the chemical compositions, fermentation characteristics, feed-out phase, and ruminal digestibility of fermented concentrate using tamanu kernel cake (TKC) as the main protein source. Materials and Methods: The concentrate was formulated to contain 16.5% crude protein (CP) and 35% neutral detergent fiber consisting of 40% TKC, 7.60% soybean meal, 25.0% wheat pollard, 26.4% dried cassava, and 1% molasses. Those ingredients were mixed and fermented anaerobically at 5 kg into a vacuumed plastic bag with different additional sterile distilled water to reach moisture levels at 25% (MO25), 35% (MO35), and 45% (MO45). Each moisture level was incubated with different fermentation lengths consisting of 2, 7, 14, 21, and 42 days in quadruplicate. After fermentation, each silo was sub-sampled for laboratory analyses. Results: MO25 and MO35 led to higher CP with lower acid detergent fiber than MO45. In the fermentation, MO35 and MO45 generated higher (p < 0.05) lactate than MO25. An extended fermentation length linearly dropped (p < 0.05) dry matter, CP, and ether extract, but gradually increased (p < 0.05) ammonia-N, lactate, acetate, and the counts of lactic acid bacteria, yeast, and bacilli. After 42 days, MO25 and MO35 initiated higher (p < 0.05) aerobic stability. The digestibility and total volatile fatty acid (VFA) in the rumen increased (p < 0.05) over 2 days. However, prolonged fermentation length linearly decreased (p < 0.05) total VFA and methane emission without affecting rumen pH, ammonia-N, and each VFA profile. Conclusion: The application of MO35 was found to reduce nutrient loss and improve aerobic stability comparable to MO25 while achieving fermentation quality similar to MO45, and short-term fermentation, such as 2 days, could improve ruminal digestibility. J. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res., 12(2): 433–444, June 2025 http://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2025.l910

Objective: This research aims to isolate, screen, and identify some candidates for endophytic fungus-producing cellulase and cyanidase. Materials and Methods: Fungi were isolated from cassava leaves that had undergone surface sterilization. The fungal isolates were qualitatively tested for their ability to produce cellulase and cyanidase enzymes by adding carboxy methyl cellulose (CMC) and KCN to the media. Enzyme production was indicated by the formation of clear zones around the growing colonies. Isolates that tested positive for cellulase and cyanidase production underwent further quantitative screening to measure enzyme activity using a spectrophotometer at wavelengths of 540 nm and 400 nm, respectively. The isolates showing the highest cellulase and cyanidase activity were identified through 18S rRNA analysis using the Sanger DNA sequencing method. Results: The research obtained six pure isolates of endophytic fungus, namely Y1; Y2; Y3; Y4; Y5; and Y6. Four isolates had the ability to degrade CMC with a clear zone between 0.1 until 0.5 mm, and three isolates had the ability for KCN degrade. The highest activity for cellulase and cyanidase degrading enzymes was produced by isolate Y2. After molecular identification using 18S rRNA, isolate Y2 had 98.82% similarity to Phomopsis sp. 32PG/F. Conclusion: Six isolates of endophytic fungi were obtained, Y1; Y2; Y3; Y4; Y5; and Y6. Four iso¬late the ability of to degrade CMC and three isolate the ability for KCN degrade. Isolate Y2 is the isolate with the best activity for cellulase and cyanidase degrading enzymes, namely 2.99 U/ml and 2.19 U/ml. After molecular identification using 18S rRNA, isolate Y2 had 98.82% similarity to Phomopsis sp. 32PG/F. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2025; 12(1.000): 169-178]

Objective: This research aims to isolate, screen, and identify some candidates for endophytic fungus-producing cellulase and cyanidase. Materials and Methods: Fungi were isolated from cassava leaves that had undergone surface sterilization. The fungal isolates were qualitatively tested for their ability to produce cellulase and cyanidase enzymes by adding carboxy methyl cellulose (CMC) and KCN to the media. Enzyme production was indicated by the formation of clear zones around the growing colonies. Isolates that tested positive for cellulase and cyanidase production underwent further quantitative screening to measure enzyme activity using a spectrophotometer at wavelengths of 540 nm and 400 nm, respectively. The isolates showing the highest cellulase and cyanidase activity were identified through 18S rRNA analysis using the Sanger DNA sequencing method. Results: The research obtained six pure isolates of endophytic fungus, namely Y1; Y2; Y3; Y4; Y5; and Y6. Four isolates had the ability to degrade CMC with a clear zone between 0.1 until 0.5 mm, and three isolates had the ability for KCN degrade. The highest activity for cellulase and cyanidase degrading enzymes was produced by isolate Y2. After molecular identification using 18S rRNA, isolate Y2 had 98.82% similarity to Phomopsis sp. 32PG/F. Conclusion: Six isolates of endophytic fungi were obtained, Y1; Y2; Y3; Y4; Y5; and Y6. Four isolate the ability of to degrade CMC and three isolate the ability for KCN degrade. Isolate Y2 is the isolate with the best activity for cellulase and cyanidase degrading enzymes, namely 2.99 U/ml and 2.19 U/ml. After molecular identification using 18S rRNA, isolate Y2 had 98.82% similarity to Phomopsis sp. 32PG/F. J. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res., 12(1): 169–178, March 2025 http://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2025.l884