Trichinella zimbabwensis naturally infects a variety of reptilian and wild mammalian hosts in South Africa. Attempts have been made to experimentally infect piranha fish with T. zimbabwensis and T. papuae without success. Tigerfish (Hydrocynus vittatus) and African sharp tooth catfish (Clarias gariepinus) are accomplished predators cohabiting with Nile crocodiles (Crocodylus niloticus) and Nile monitor lizards (Varanus niloticus) in southern Africa and are natural hosts of T. zimbabwensis. To assess the infectivity of T. zimbabwensis to these two hosts, 24 African sharp tooth catfish (mean live weight 581.75 ± 249.71 g) randomly divided into 5 groups were experimentally infected with 1.0 ± 0.34 T. zimbabwensis larvae per gram (lpg) of fish. Forty-one tigerfish (mean live weight 298.6 ± 99.3 g) were randomly divided for three separate trials. An additional 7 tigerfish were assessed for the presence of natural infection as controls. Results showed no adult worms or larvae of T. zimbabwensis in the gastrointestinal tract and body cavities of catfish sacrificed at day 1, 2 and 7 post-infection (p.i.). Two tigerfish from one experimental group yielded 0.1 lpg and 0.02 lpg of muscle tissue at day 26 p.i. and 28 p.i., respectively. No adult worms or larvae were detected in the fish from the remaining groups sacrificed at day 7, 21, 28, 33 and 35 p.i. and from the control group. Results from this study suggest that tigerfish could sustain T. zimbabwensis under specific yet unknown circumstances.

Trichinella zimbabwensis naturally infects a variety of reptilian and wild mammalian hosts in South Africa. Attempts have been made to experimentally infect piranha fish with T. zimbabwensis and T. papuae without success. Tigerfish (Hydrocynus vittatus) and African sharp tooth catfish (Clarias gariepinus) are accomplished predators cohabiting with Nile crocodiles (Crocodylus niloticus) and Nile monitor lizards (Varanus niloticus) in southern Africa and are natural hosts of T. zimbabwensis. To assess the infectivity of T. zimbabwensis to these two hosts, 24 African sharp tooth catfish (mean live weight 581.75 ± 249.71 g) randomly divided into 5 groups were experimentally infected with 1.0 ± 0.34 T. zimbabwensis larvae per gram (lpg) of fish. Forty-one tigerfish (mean live weight 298.6 ± 99.3 g) were randomly divided for three separate trials. An additional 7 tigerfish were assessed for the presence of natural infection as controls. Results showed no adult worms or larvae of T. zimbabwensis in the gastrointestinal tract and body cavities of catfish sacrificed at day 1, 2 and 7 post-infection (p.i.). Two tigerfish from one experimental group yielded 0.1 lpg and 0.02 lpg of muscle tissue at day 26 p.i. and 28 p.i., respectively. No adult worms or larvae were detected in the fish from the remaining groups sacrificed at day 7, 21, 28, 33 and 35 p.i. and from the control group. Results from this study suggest that tigerfish could sustain T. zimbabwensis under specific yet unknown circumstances.

Diplodiosis is an important neuromycotoxicosis of ruminants in South Africa when grazing on harvested maize fields in winter. It is believed to be caused by mycotoxin(s) synthesised by Stenocarpella (Diplodia) maydis. Although several metabolites have been isolated from S. maydis culture material, none of these have been administered to ruminants to reproduce the disease. The objectives of this study were to isolate diplodiatoxin and to administer it to juvenile goats. Diplodiatoxin, considered as a major metabolite, was purified from S. maydis-infected maize cultures (Coligny 2007 isolate). Following intravenous administration of 2 mg and 4 mg diplodiatoxin/kg body weight for five consecutive days to two juvenile goats, no clinical signs reminiscent of diplodiosis were observed. Based on previous experimental results and if diplodiatoxin was the causative compound, the dosage regimen employed was seemingly appropriate to induce diplodiosis. In addition, intraruminal administration of 2 mg/kg diplodiatoxin to one goat for three consecutive days also did not induce clinical signs. It appears as if diplodiatoxin alone is not the causative compound. Other metabolites and/or mixtures of diplodiatoxin and other mycotoxins, when available in sufficient quantities, should also be evaluated.

Diplodiosis is an important neuromycotoxicosis of ruminants in South Africa when grazing on harvested maize fields in winter. It is believed to be caused by mycotoxin(s) synthesised by Stenocarpella (Diplodia) maydis. Although several metabolites have been isolated from S. maydis culture material, none of these have been administered to ruminants to reproduce the disease. The objectives of this study were to isolate diplodiatoxin and to administer it to juvenile goats. Diplodiatoxin, considered as a major metabolite, was purified from S. maydis-infected maize cultures (Coligny 2007 isolate). Following intravenous administration of 2 mg and 4 mg diplodiatoxin/kg body weight for five consecutive days to two juvenile goats, no clinical signs reminiscent of diplodiosis were observed. Based on previous experimental results and if diplodiatoxin was the causative compound, the dosage regimen employed was seemingly appropriate to induce diplodiosis. In addition, intraruminal administration of 2 mg/kg diplodiatoxin to one goat for three consecutive days also did not induce clinical signs. It appears as if diplodiatoxin alone is not the causative compound. Other metabolites and/or mixtures of diplodiatoxin and other mycotoxins, when available in sufficient quantities, should also be evaluated.

Untreated abattoir effluent constitutes potential reservoir for transmission of pathogenic strains of multiple antibiotic-resistant bacteria by pollution of surface and ground water sources. This study was carried out to determine the antibiotic resistance and extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) production profiles of Gram-negative bacteria isolated from effluent collected from Lafenwa municipal abattoir and its receiving surface water, Ogun River, in Abeokuta, Ogun state, Nigeria. Twelve effluent and 18 water samples were collected for this study. Total heterotrophic and coliform counts were estimated, bacterial identification was performed using standard culture-based procedures, whilst antibiotic resistance profiles of isolated bacteria against five antibiotics (ceftazidime, cefpodoxime, cefotaxime, ertapenem and amoxicillin-clavulanate) and detection of ESBLs were done using disk diffusion and double-disc synergy tests. A total of 54 Gram-negative bacteria were isolated, including Salmonella spp. (9), Escherichia coli (15), Klebsiella spp. (7), Shigella spp. (5), Pseudomonas spp. (12) and Enterobacter spp. (6). Both Enterobacteriaceae and Pseudomonas isolates (31% and 66.6%, respectively) were resistant to all selected antibiotics except ertapenem (98% susceptibility). Overall, 77% isolates had multiple antibiotic resistance index (MARI) values, but none of the antibiotic-resistant isolates showed evidence of ESBL production. The presence of multiple antibiotic-resistant isolates in the effluent and receiving water of Lafenwa abattoir suggests a major risk to public health and food safety. Current methods of waste disposal at the abattoir are unacceptable and greatly reduce the qualities of the processed meat and contaminate the environment. There is a need for improved abattoir waste management and water treatment strategies.

Untreated abattoir effluent constitutes potential reservoir for transmission of pathogenic strains of multiple antibiotic-resistant bacteria by pollution of surface and ground water sources. This study was carried out to determine the antibiotic resistance and extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) production profiles of Gram-negative bacteria isolated from effluent collected from Lafenwa municipal abattoir and its receiving surface water, Ogun River, in Abeokuta, Ogun state, Nigeria. Twelve effluent and 18 water samples were collected for this study. Total heterotrophic and coliform counts were estimated, bacterial identification was performed using standard culture-based procedures, whilst antibiotic resistance profiles of isolated bacteria against five antibiotics (ceftazidime, cefpodoxime, cefotaxime, ertapenem and amoxicillin-clavulanate) and detection of ESBLs were done using disk diffusion and double-disc synergy tests. A total of 54 Gram-negative bacteria were isolated, including Salmonella spp. (9), Escherichia coli (15), Klebsiella spp. (7), Shigella spp. (5), Pseudomonas spp. (12) and Enterobacter spp. (6). Both Enterobacteriaceae and Pseudomonas isolates (31% and 66.6%, respectively) were resistant to all selected antibiotics except ertapenem (98% susceptibility). Overall, 77% isolates had multiple antibiotic resistance index (MARI) values, but none of the antibiotic-resistant isolates showed evidence of ESBL production. The presence of multiple antibiotic-resistant isolates in the effluent and receiving water of Lafenwa abattoir suggests a major risk to public health and food safety. Current methods of waste disposal at the abattoir are unacceptable and greatly reduce the qualities of the processed meat and contaminate the environment. There is a need for improved abattoir waste management and water treatment strategies.

Diabetes mellitus is a type of chronic disease that is non-transmitted. Aceh province is the province with the seventh-highest prevalence of diabetes mellitus in Indonesia at 2.4%. People with type 2 diabetes mellitus are at risk of various complications and can cause death. Self-management of diabetes is one of the things that can be done by people with diabetes mellitus in controlling various complications. This study aimed to find out the relationship between diabetes self-management and blood glucose control of type 2 diabetes mellitus patients in Ulee Kareng Subdistrict, Banda Aceh. This type of sampling method in this research was cross-sectional with the number of samples in this study as many as 88 respondents. The study was conducted using the DSMQ questionnaire filling method to assess diabetes self-management level and blood glucose level value when respondents assess blood glucose control. The results of the study obtained are 30.7% of respondents have a good level of diabetes self- management, 44.3% enough, and 25% bad. As for blood glucose control, 65.9% of respondents had uncontrolled blood glucose levels, and 34.1% controlled. The results of the chi-square test obtained a p-value of 0.000 and the spearman correlation test obtained a p-value of 0.000, as well as a correlation coefficient of 0.492. Based on the data analysis, it can be concluded that there is a significant relationship between moderate and unidirectional levels between diabetes self-management and blood glucose control of type 2 diabetes mellitus patients in Ulee Kareng Subdistrict, Banda Aceh.

Diabetes mellitus is a type of chronic disease that is non-transmitted. Aceh province is the province with the seventh-highest prevalence of diabetes mellitus in Indonesia at 2.4%. People with type 2 diabetes mellitus are at risk of various complications and can cause death. Self-management of diabetes is one of the things that can be done by people with diabetes mellitus in controlling various complications. This study aimed to find out the relationship between diabetes self-management and blood glucose control of type 2 diabetes mellitus patients in Ulee Kareng Subdistrict, Banda Aceh. This type of sampling method in this research was cross-sectional with the number of samples in this study as many as 88 respondents. The study was conducted using the DSMQ questionnaire filling method to assess diabetes self-management level and blood glucose level value when respondents assess blood glucose control. The results of the study obtained are 30.7% of respondents have a good level of diabetes self- management, 44.3% enough, and 25% bad. As for blood glucose control, 65.9% of respondents had uncontrolled blood glucose levels, and 34.1% controlled. The results of the chi-square test obtained a p-value of 0.000 and the spearman correlation test obtained a p-value of 0.000, as well as a correlation coefficient of 0.492. Based on the data analysis, it can be concluded that there is a significant relationship between moderate and unidirectional levels between diabetes self-management and blood glucose control of type 2 diabetes mellitus patients in Ulee Kareng Subdistrict, Banda Aceh.

The clinical breast self-examination is one of the strategies to prevent breast cancer to women. Previous study was conducting to promote breast self-examination, but the study did not consider about the role of culture on health behavior. The purpose of this quasi-experimental design was to examine the effect of cultural-based breast self-examination (BSE) educational program on BSE self-efficacy among nursing students. The cultural-based BSE educational program was developed based on Banduras Social Cognitive Theory and Islamic Culture. A stratified proportionate random sampling method was employed to recruit nursing students at Public Nursing College, Faculty of Medicine, Syiah Kuala University in Aceh, Indonesia. Seventy-six students who met the inclusion criteria were recruited, 36 students were in the experimental group and 40 students were in the control group. The experimental group received the cultural-based BSE educational program including exploring Islamic mandate on prevention and individual responsibility in health promotion and cultural related beliefs toward BSE, health education, BSE training, and follow-up. The BSE self-efficacy scores were examined after 3 weeks of program implementation. The statistical analysis was conducted using dependent t-test and independent t-test. The results showed, the BSE self- efficacy of the nursing students in the experimental group were significantly higher than before participation ( t (35) =-5.02, p .001). Further, the BSE self-efficacy score in the experimental group was significantly higher than thecontrol group after participation the program (t (74) = 3.49, p .01). The result showed differences of the overall BSE self-efficacy and the subscale: BSE procedural efficacy (p .01), but not significant differences for the subscale: BSE barrier management efficacy (p .05). The cultural-based BSE educational program is effective in enhancing BSE self-efficacy among nursing students. The study suggests that the application of the cultural-based BSE educational program would be extended for other women and other nursing students in different areas.

The clinical breast self-examination is one of the strategies to prevent breast cancer to women. Previous study was conducting to promote breast self-examination, but the study did not consider about the role of culture on health behavior. The purpose of this quasi-experimental design was to examine the effect of cultural-based breast self-examination (BSE) educational program on BSE self-efficacy among nursing students. The cultural-based BSE educational program was developed based on Bandura’s Social Cognitive Theory and Islamic Culture. A stratified proportionate random sampling method was employed to recruit nursing students at Public Nursing College, Faculty of Medicine, Syiah Kuala University in Aceh, Indonesia. Seventy-six students who met the inclusion criteria were recruited, 36 students were in the experimental group and 40 students were in the control group. The experimental group received the cultural-based BSE educational program including exploring Islamic mandate on prevention and individual responsibility in  health promotion and  cultural related beliefs toward BSE, health education, BSE training, and follow-up. The BSE self-efficacy scores were examined after 3 weeks of program implementation. The statistical analysis was conducted using dependent t-test and independent t-test. The results showed, the BSE self- efficacy of the nursing students in the experimental group were significantly higher than before participation ( t (35) = -5.02, p .001). Further, the BSE self-efficacy score in the experimental group was significantly higher than the control group after participation the program (t (74) = 3.49, p .01). The result showed differences of the overall BSE self-efficacy and the subscale: BSE procedural efficacy (p .01), but not significant differences for the subscale: BSE barrier management efficacy (p .05). The cultural-based BSE educational program is effective in enhancing BSE self-efficacy among nursing students. The study suggests that the application of the cultural-based BSE educational program would be extended for other women and other nursing students in different areas.

Burns are caused by heat exposure, such as fire, radiation, electricity or chemicals that can damage the skin and affect the body's systems. The aim of this study was to find out the effect of the ethanol extract of Malacca leaves (Phyllanthus emblica) on the number of fibroblast cells in white rats (Rattus norvegicus) that have burned. This study used 24 white rats (Rattus norvegicus) were divided into 4 groups that smeared with aquadest as a negative control (P1), 5% ethanol extract gel of Malacca leaves (P2), 10% ethanol extract gel of Malacca leaves (P3), and positive control applied with bioplasenton gel (P4). The IIA degree burn were created by placing a 2x2 cm hot iron plate on the back of the rat for 5 seconds. The euthanasia performed to all animal and the skin samples were collected after 15 days of treatment. Then histopathological preparations were made using HE staining. The number of fibroblast cells were analyzed by ANOVA test. The average number of white rats (Rattus norvegicus) fibroblast cells that suffered burns P1 (negative control) had a number of 7 1.4 cells/visual. Whereas th e P2 group had a number of 4.2 1.58 cells/visual. This value has a significant difference with the negative control. But the P2 and P3 values (3 1.51 cells/visual) there is no significant different with the P4 value (positive control) with an average number of P4 fibroblast cells were 2 0.4 cells/visual. The results of this study concluded that the ethanol extract of malacca leaves 5% and 10% had an effect againts accelerating burns healing in white rats ( Rattus norvegicus).

Burns are caused by heat exposure, such as fire, radiation, electricity or chemicals that can damage the skin and affect the body's systems. The aim of this study was to find out the effect of the ethanol extract of Malacca leaves (Phyllanthus emblica) on the number of fibroblast cells in white rats (Rattus norvegicus) that have burned. This study used 24 white rats (Rattus norvegicus) were divided into 4 groups that smeared with aquadest as a negative control (P1), 5% ethanol extract gel of Malacca leaves (P2), 10% ethanol extract gel of Malacca leaves (P3), and positive control applied with bioplasenton® gel (P4). The IIA degree burn were created by placing a 2x2 cm hot iron plate on the back of the rat for 5 seconds. The euthanasia performed to all animal and the skin samples were collected after 15 days of treatment. Then histopathological preparations were made using HE staining. The number of fibroblast cells were analyzed by ANOVA test. The average number of white rats (Rattus norvegicus) fibroblast cells that suffered burns P1 (negative control) had a number of 7 ± 1.4 cells/visual. Whereas th e P2 group had a number of 4.2 ± 1.58 cells/visual. This value has a significant difference with the negative control. But the P2 and P3 values (3 ± 1.51 cells/visual) there is no significant different with the P4 value (positive control) with an average number of P4 fibroblast cells were 2 ± 0.4 cells/visual. The results of this study concluded that the ethanol extract of malacca leaves 5% and 10% had an effect againts accelerating burns healing in white rats ( Rattus norvegicus).

The research objective was to determine the beef cattle business development strategy in increasing the economic value of farmers in Sukabumi Regency. The research was conducted in Ciracap District, Sukabumi Regency, West Java in 2020. The research used survey methods and interviews with 65 farmers and 9 extension workers from BPP Sukabumi Regency. Primary data and secondary data were analyzed using statistical analysis, economic analysis and Swot analysis descriptively and quantitatively. The results showed that the farmers' average land ownership was 1.57 ha/farmer. The farmer profit is IDR. 250.548.975 /year, the value of R/C is 1.14. The related variable (dependent) which affects farmer profit and business efficiency of beef cattle has an effect on the95% confidence level. Swot analysis of internal and external factors in the development of beef cattle business showed the strengths of the working area of the Sukabumi Regency BPP including available labor, agricultural land area, grazing land, the number of cows being raised and the support of government institutions, private companies and other institutions as well as livestock market opportunities wide open. The weaknesses are limited land resources, business capital, increased feed prices and the price of beef cattle that were controlled by middlemen. It is suggested that strategies to increase beef cattle population and economic value of the farmers are by optimizing the function of empty land as grazing land and forage cultivation. Business cooperation, marketing networks and guaranteed beef cattle prices are pivotal in order to take advantage of relatively unfulfilled market opportunities.

The research objective was to determine the beef cattle business development strategy in increasing the economic value of farmers in Sukabumi Regency. The research was conducted in Ciracap District, Sukabumi Regency, West Java in 2020. The research used survey methods and interviews with 65 farmers and 9 extension workers from BPP Sukabumi Regency. Primary data and secondary data were analyzed using statistical analysis, economic analysis and Swot analysis descriptively and quantitatively. The results showed that the farmers' average land ownership was 1.57 ha/farmer. The farmer profit is IDR. 250.548.975 /year, the value of R/C is 1.14. The related variable (dependent) which affects farmer profit and business efficiency of beef cattle has an effect on the 95% confidence level. Swot analysis of internal and external factors in the development of beef cattle business showed the strengths of the working area of the Sukabumi Regency BPP including available labor, agricultural land area, grazing land, the number of cows being raised and the support of government institutions, private companies and other institutions as  well as  livestock market opportunities wide open. The weaknesses are  limited land resources, business capital, increased feed prices and the price of beef cattle that were controlled by middlemen. It is suggested that strategies to increase beef cattle population and economic value of the farmers are by optimizing the function of empty land as grazing land and forage cultivation. Business cooperation, marketing networks and guaranteed beef cattle prices are pivotal in order to take advantage of relatively unfulfilled market opportunities.

The negative effect of consuming unhealthy snacks is foodborne illness caused by food and drinks that have been contaminated with germs. This problems need a serius intervention especially education for the school children to develop understanding of the importance of healthy, safe and nutritious snacks. It was reported that 73% of elementary school students have low knowledge and 81% have low attitude towards healthy snacks. Amongst efforts to educate children on healthy snacks is the audio-visual media. This study is conducted to investigate the effectiveness of animated video and power point as learning media towards the perception of healthy snacks on elementary school students in Indonesia. The design is quasi experiment with control group, with the sample of grade 5s' elementary school students. Data were collected using questionnaires developed from health belief model and intervention is given in the form of health education using animated video media. The results show that there are perception differences in susceptibility (P=0.0001), seriousness (P=0.0001), benefits (P=0.0001), and obstacles (P=0.0001) related to healthy snacks before and after education with animated video. Based on that, it is expected to the schools and parents to give attention to the quality of the snacks by educating and providing the children with healthy snack options.

The negative effect of consuming unhealthy snacks is foodborne illness caused by food and drinks that have been contaminated with germs. This problems need a serius intervention especially education for the school children to develop understanding of the importance of healthy, safe and nutritious snacks. It was reported that 73% of elementary school students have low knowledge and 81% have low attitude towards healthy snacks. Amongst efforts to educate children on healthy snacks is the audio-visual media. This study is conducted to investigate the effectiveness of animated video and power point as learning media towards the perception of healthy snacks on elementary school students in Indonesia. The design is quasi experiment with control group, with the sample of grade 5s' elementary school students. Data were collected using questionnaires developed from health belief model and intervention is given in the form of health education using animated video media. The results show that there are perception differences in susceptibility (P=0.0001), seriousness (P=0.0001), benefits (P=0.0001), and obstacles (P=0.0001) related to healthy snacks before and after education with animated video. Based on that, it is expected to the schools and parents to give attention to the quality of the snacks by educating and providing the children with healthy snack options.