Chikungunya fever, a serious global public health problem, is a mosquito-borne disease caused by Chikungunya virus belonging to the family Togaviridae. The virus was first detected in Tanzania in1953. At present, the virus has been detected over 60 countries across the globe. The virus is transmitted mainly through Aedes mosquitoes. Although not fatal, the affected persons suffer a lot from high fever, severe pain and other complications. Currently there is no effective treatment or vaccine for the Chikungunya virus. The situation is severe in developing countries that lack sufficient diagnostic facilities and control measures. Adequate coordinated efforts comprising active surveillance, early detection, vector control and public awareness at local, national and international level need to be adopted in endemic areas for the effective control of Chikungunya virus infection. This mini review highlights some of the advances recently have made in our understanding of Chikungunya virus. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2017; 4(2.000): 125-131]

Objective: The current study was conducted to explore the prevalence of gastrointestinal (GI) parasites in small ruminants (sheep and goats) in relation to species, age, sex, season, and body condition in Mymensingh, Bangladesh. Materials and methods: A cross-sectional coprological survey was carried out at Mymensingh Sadar in Mymensingh from July 2015 to June 2016. In total, 433 fecal samples were screened for eggs/oocysts/cysts of parasite and counted by using standard qualitative and quantitative techniques. Eggs/oocysts/cysts were identified according to their characteristic features. Results: The study found 74.8% (n=324/433) prevalence of GI parasites in small ruminants. Species-wise prevalence indicated that 77.0% (n=268/348) goats and 65.9% (n=56/85) sheep harbored parasitic infection. Nine species of GI parasites were identified in the study area namely Strongyloides sp., Haemonchus sp., Oesophagostomum sp., Trichostrongylus sp., Trichuris sp., Paraphistomum spp., Fasciola spp., Eimeria spp. and Balantidium spp. The level of egg/oocyst/cyst per gram of feces (EPG/OPG/CPG) was ranged between 100 and 1200. Young small ruminants (78.4%) showed significantly (P=0.026) higher prevalence as compared to adult (68.8%). Between sexes, significantly (P=0.000) higher prevalence was found in female (83.6%) than male (64.7%). Infection was significantly (P=0.000) highest in poor body conditioned small ruminants (82.1%) as compared to moderate (72.2%) and good body conditioned (53.8%) small ruminants. In case of season, highest prevalence was found in rainy season (83.6%) followed by summer (78.6%) and winter (59.4%) with significant seasonal variations (P=0.000). Conclusion: Finally, GI parasites are endemic among small ruminants in the study area. Knowledge on these parasites and related epidemiological parameters is important for outlining fruitful control strategies against GI parasites. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2017; 4(4.000): 356-362]

Objective: This clinical case reports the occurrence of stage I pinkeye with concurrent pneumonic pasteurellosis in a goat. Materials and methods: A 2-year-old Jamnapari goat weighing 25 Kg was presented to the Universiti Veterinary Hospital, Universiti Putra Malaysia with primary complain of eye problem and inappetence. Results: Upon clinical examination, the most prominent abnormality observed was corneal opacity of the right eye with presence of ulceration on the corneal surface and chemosis of the right conjunctiva with excessive lacrimation. On auscultation, there was the presence of crackle lung sounds with bilateral mucopurulent nasal discharges. Samples from the ocular swab yielded a positive growth for Mycoplasma spp., while the nasal swab yielded a positive growth for Mannheimia haemolytica. The goat was diagnosed with stage I pinkeye with concurrent pneumonic pasteurellosis infection. Treatment was instituted with 400 mL of 0.9% NaCl administered intravenously once for rehydration. Flunixin meglumine 2.2 mg/kg bwt was given intramuscularly twice daily for three days as anti-inflammatory and analgesic. Oxytetracycline 20 mg/kg bwt was injected once intramuscularly as long acting broad spectrum antibiotic for treatment of pinkeye and pasteurellosis infections. Furthermore, terramycin eye ointment containing oxytetracycline HCl was also administered intraocularly twice daily for seven days as treatment for the Mycoplasma spp. Conclusion: The prognosis for this case was good as the goat were treated promptly and effectively. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2017; 4(4.000): 390-393]

Objective: This cross-sectional study was conducted from July to November 2015 to estimate the prevalence of anti-toxopalsma antibodies in sheep and goats in El-Gadarif state. Material and methods: A total of 400 serum samples comprising of 200 sheep and 200 goats were collected and tested by Toxo-latex agglutination test and indirect enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (iELISA). Results: The overall sero-prevalence was 52.0% (n=208/400) using Toxo-latex agglutination test and 45.7%(n=42/92) and 27.2%(n=25/92) using iELISA in sheep and goats, respectively. Furthermore, the sero-prevalences among the two investigated species and the two age groups were statistically similar but were different between localities, breeds and sexes. In the univariate analysis, species (P=0.028) and locality (P=0.001) were associated with Toxo-latex agglutination test positive status. Additionally, species (sheep) and locality (Al-Fao, Al-Hawatah, and West El-Gadarif) had increased odds of being Toxo-latex agglutination test positive in the multivariate analysis. Conclusion: It can be concluded that the prevalence of anti-toxopalsma antibodies is relatively high and there was no between-species variation in sero-positivity. These findings warrant further investigations to estimate the burden of the disease and the likelihood of zoonotic transmission. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2017; 4(2.000): 207-213]

Objective: The study was conducted to investigate the effect of mastitis on post-partum conception in crossed cows (Local x Friesian or Sahiwal x Friesian) in Chittagong area of Bangladesh. Materials and methods: A total of 100 lactating cows were randomly selected from thirteen small and medium size commercial dairy farms. The cows were reared under traditional feeding and management systems. Age and number of parity of the cows were 2.5 to 6 years and 1-5, respectively. On-farm California Mastitis Test (CMT) and Whit Slide Test (WST) were performed with the milk samples to diagnose mastitis. Besides, productive and reproductive data were recorded by examining the animals and interviewing the farmers. Results: The incidence of mastitis was significantly (P=0.037) higher (76% for CMT and 62% for WST) in 3.5-4.5 years old cows and lower (P=0.037) (47% for CMT) in 2.5-3.5 years old cows. The highest percentage of CMT (72%) and WST (59%) positive cases were found in cows having parity number 2. The CMT (71%) and WST (53%) test results were similar in third parity cows. The first parity cows were less prone to mastitis (47%). Mastitis had significantly (P=0.002) negative effect on days required to first heat after parturition. Mastitis was also negatively correlated with calving interval (CI) (P=0.030). More the incidence of mastitis prolongs the calving interval and the highest percentage (85% for CMT and 71% for WST) of mastitis was found in cows having 380-400 days calving interval. Lowest mastitis (54% for CMT and 48% for WST) incidence detected cows’ lowest calving interval. Significantly, more number of Service per Conception (SPC) was also required in cows having more incidence of mastitis (P=0.03). SPC was 4 for subclinical to clinical cases and 3 for clinical cases. Conclusion: Significant correlation between mastitis and post-partum conception is recorded in this study that may hamper reproductive performances. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2017; 4(2.000): 155-160]

Objective: This research was designed to establish the system of isolation and culture of Anas platyrhynchos (duck) amniotic fluid stem cells (DAFSCs), and to explore its biological characteristics and differentiation ability in vitro. Material and methods: Main experimental reagents contained L-DMEM, fetal bovine serum, chicken serum, EGF, bFGF, L-glutamine, trypsin, rabbit anti-chicken CD44, CD73, CD105, nanog and SSEA-4 (Abcam, USA), FITC conjugated goat anti-rabbit secondary antibody IgG, DAPI, Trizol, inverse transcription kit, Propidium iodide, IBMX, INS, dexamethasone and indometacin. Cultivation system included L-DMEM with 10% FBS, 5% chicken serum, EGF 10 ng/mL, bFGF 10 ng/mL and 1% L-glutamine, and was cultured under 37°C, 5% CO2 and saturated humidity. Immunofluorescent detection is used to detect cell surface markers, while RT-PCR was used to detect related gene expression. Cell cycle was detected with Flow Cytometer and was analyzed by ModFitLT 2.0, induced differentiation, and Oil Red O staining. Results: More DAFSCs were gained via super-centrifugation and thermoelectric methods cost effectively. DAFSCs could go down to the future generation at passage 23(P23). CD44, CD73, CD105 and SSEA-4 were detected as positive with immunofluorescence histochemistry. GAPDH, GDNF, rex1 and JAG1 were detected as positive with RT-PCR. Cell cycle was detected on flow cytometer. Tentative exploration of differentiation ability that DAFSCs could be induced into adipocyte in vitro. Conclusion: DAFSCs can be isolated from matrix that have strong self-renewal capacity in vitro. DAFSCs can be induced into adipocyte in vitro. These testify that DAFSCs can be an ideal seeded cells having potentials for preservation and utilization of rare genetic resources. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2017; 4(2.000): 140-146]

Juvenile cellulitis (JC) is an uncommon vesiculopustular disease that affects dogs, especially those under four months of age. The aim of the present study was to characterize the epidemiological, clinical, and therapeutic profile of JC based on clinical records of canine patients treated at the Veterinary Hospital of the Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido, between the years 2009 and 2016. A total of five cases were diagnosed. Four dogs presented at an average age of two months and 22 days and were crossbred; the other dog was a rottweiler aged 38 weeks. The average time of evolution of the disease was 16 days, and the main clinical signs were edema, papules, pustules, and bilateral ocular discharge. The diagnosis was confirmed by cytology in four animals and by histopathology in only one patient. For all dogs, the treatment was based on cephalexin, administered for 30 days, and prednisolone for three weeks. Otological therapy was included when necessary. Four cases had a favorable outcome. JC is a rare dermatopathy that deserves special attention from veterinary practitioners.

A cinomose canina é uma das principais doenças infecciosas em cães e animais selvagens, resultando em alta morbidade e mortalidade. O gene H tem uma das maiores variabilidades genéticas entre os genes codificados pelo vírus da cinomose canina (CDV), e tem sido utilizado para caracterizar as estirpes de CDV, permitindo a identificação de linhagens específicas. A variação no gene H pode permitir que o vírus evite o reconhecimento por anticorpos induzidos pela vacina, resultando em falha vacinal. O objetivo deste estudo foi caracterizar o gene H em estirpes de CDV de cães infectados naturalmente no estado de São Paulo. A análise filogenética revelou que as estirpes de CDV brasileiras estão geneticamente relacionadas as estirpes circulantes no Uruguai, na Argentina e na Europa. Não foi encontrada nenhuma evidência da circulação no estado de São Paulo das linhagens América do Sul 2 e 3. O grau de divergência genética entre linhagens selvagens de CDV brasileiras e as estirpes vacinais podem sugerir a possibilidade de falhas vacinais e consequentemente a ocorrência de surtos de cinomose canina.

Large quantities of waste are generated throughout the seafood supply chain. Although this material has a great potential for use (e.g. pharmaceutical industry, animal feed production), if not managed properly it represents an environmental risk. In order to meet the volume, destination, and method of storage of waste of Brazilian seafood supply chain, we got information from 29 companies that have Official Veterinary Inspection (SIF). After the industrialization of seafood only 44% on average of the total raw material is used for human consumption and 59.2% of the unused portion is discarded in landfill.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the incidence of repeat breeder (RB) in crossbred dairy cows submitted to a timed artificial insemination (TAI) and estrous synchronization protocols. Data from 371 heifers and 997 lactating crossbred dairy cows were analyzed. Cows with more than 30 DPP with good uterine condition, no lameness or clinical mastitis, and body condition score ≥ 2.5 were used. The cows were divided between two groups, as: group 1: TAI – those cows with no CL at ultrasound exam that were enrolled in a TAI protocol and group 2: estrous synchronization – all those cows that had CL. The incidences of RB and factors relative to it were analyzed by logistic regression in SAS. The incidence of RB condition was higher in lactating cows than non-lactating heifers (P < 0.001). There was a tendency of RB condition to higher in cows that calved during spring/summer than those calved at autumn/winter season. The parturition condition had no effect on RB incidence (P > 0.001); however, lactation degree influenced the incidence of RB (P <0.001). Repeat breeder condition was greater in lactating crossbred dairy cows than in heifers. Moreover, the presence of RB cows was higher in those from second parity group when compared to those from first, third and four parity groups; on the other hand, parturition condition did not influence the appearance of RB cows in the herd.