Experiments were conducted to determine whether thigh meat from death chicken can be identified through Warner-Bratzler (WB) shear value and using the impedance value.  Thirty of thigh meat (Biceps femoris) were obtained from commercial slaughtering house classified into three groups namely halal slaughtered healthy chicken (AHS), slaughtered death chicken (AMS), and slaughtered stressed chicken (ALS).  Biceps femoris muscles were used to microscopic procedures and to assess WB score values and impedance values. This study showed that shear values of AMS thigh meat were lower than AHS and ALS after 5 and 9 h PM. This study indicated that the impedance value of AMS were significantly lower (P0.05) than AHS and ALS, it can be used to distinguish between halal thigh and the thigh meat from slaughtered death chicken.

One of contribution for Indonesian state from Agriculture sector is livestock animals. This livestock animals in Indonesia is divided to large and small ruminant, poultry, and other commercial animals. All these animals can be infected by some agriculture fungi which causes mycosis. The disease cause economic loss by morbidity and mortality. In chicken (poultry), aspergillosis caused by Aspergillus sp can be very important among mycotic diseases. In ruminant ringworm (dermatofitosis) caused by dermatofit fungi which infected skin, and mastitis caused by fungi in Dairy cattle causes decrease milk production. Histoplasmosis caused by fungi such as Histoplasma farciminosum is called Selakarang, infect horse. This paper discribes these mycotic diseases and control and to give more information of fungal disease caused by some agriculture fungi.

Dengue viruses and their mosquito vectors as an endemic disease in Indonesia are sensitive to their environment. The rising incidence of dengue is influenced by many factors, climate is one of them. Temperature, rainfall and humidity have well-defined roles in the transmission cycle. Changes in these conditions may contribute to increasing incidence. The purpose of this research was to determine the correlation between the dengue vector abundance and some climatic factors (temperature, rainfall and humidity) in Banda Aceh city after the tsunami. We also examined the potential effects of climate variations on dengue epidemiological pattern in indoor and outdoor of tsunami affected areas in Banda Aceh City during January – December 2010. Data processing was performed using SPSS and will be presented in tabular form. Pearson correlation test for parametric test and Spearman correlation coefficients for non-parametric test were performed to investigate the overall correlation between Aedes eggs abundance rates and some meteorological variables such as temperatures (0C), relative humidity (RH), and rainfall (RR). The result showed that the total egg populations in indoor and outdoor of tsunami affected areas are not significantly different among those factors. There was a positive correlation between eggs abundance and rainfall, but negatively correlated with temperature and relative humidity. From this result we can conclude that the abundance of Aedes eggs is not significantly correlated to temperature and humidity in indoor and outdoor of tsunami affected areas in Banda Aceh City.

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of centella leaf extract administration on decreased of the molecule cAMP responsive element modulator (CREM) expression in the testicular seminiferous tubules of male rats (Rattus norvegicus). Eight rats, aged 3.5 months with 150-250 grams of body weight (BW) were used in this study. All rats were divided randomly into four groups as if K0 as a control group whereas K1, K2, and K3 were given the centella leaf extract with doses 125, 250, and 500 mg / kg body weight respectivelly that given once daily for 30 days. At the end of the treatment, rats were sacrificed and their testes were collected and subsequently fixed in buffered neutral formalin (BNF) 10% as fixative solution for histological preparation. The CREMs expressions were detected using immunohistochemical methods. The results showed that the number of CREM expression in the seminiferous tubules significantly differ (P 0.05) between K0 and the treatment group (K1, K2, and K3). Conclusion, the administration of centella leaf extract with of the dose 125, 250, and 500 mg/kg BW can decreased CREM expression spermatids of testicular seminiferous tubules in male rat.

The cultivation of mulberry as forages is scarce in Indonesian feeding system for ruminant production, although many studies have indicated  its nutritional potential as animal feed especially ruminants. This study was aimed to investigate the effects spacing of plant and cutting age on productivity and chemical composition of some species mulberry plants. The experiment was conducted in a randomized block design with factorial treatments. The factors species were (M. indica cv kanva, M. nigra, M. cathyana, and M. Multicaulis), the spacing of plants (1 x 0.5 m, 1 x 1 m and 1 x 1.5 m) and cutting ages (210, 240, and 270 days after planting). The results showed that species, M. multicaulis and M. cathyana are the highest growth, using a spacing of 1 x 0.5 m with cutting age 270 days after planting. Dry matter production highest (P 0,05) in M. Cathyana at spacing of 1 x 0.5 with cutting age 270 days after planting. The ratio of leaves and stems of plants are affected by age, the highest proportions of leaf  is obtained at the cutting age of 210 days. Chemical composition were highest in M.multicaulis at the age of 270 days. The highest content of  organic matter (OM) were found in M.Kanva and not different with M. Nigra at the age of 270 day after planting. In treatment of cutting ages have no effect (P 0.05) on the Crude protein (CP), ADF, NDF, lignin and tannin content. The average content of CP obtained gained 20.69%, 32.38% ADF, NDF 33.99%, 12.45% lignin and tannin 0.3%. Concluded that mulberry plants with a plant spacing of plant 1 x 0.5 and 270 days after plant have more advantages for use as animal feed.

The purpose of this research was to compare the use of PCR method and histological examination to diagnose toxoplasmosis in tissues of Balb/c mice infected with sporulated oocysts through drinking water. A total of 20 male Balb/c mice aged approximately 2 months were used in this experiment. Each mouse was infected with 1x103 Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoites intraperitoneally. Tissue samples (liver, lung, heart, kidney, and brain) were collected from 5 mice on day 1, day 5, day 7, and day 9 after infection. Samples were then examined by PCR and histological methods. The data collected were analyzed descriptively. The results showed that PCR method was more sensitive than histological examination. PCR examination using primer invitrogen gen can amplify DNA T. gondii at 436 bp of the samples from liver, lung, heart and brain on Day 7 and Day 9 after infection. The histological examination showed that the cyst of toxoplasma was found in the brain while mononuclear cells infiltration was found in other internal organs.

Knowledge of the enterobacteria present in the roadside hawk can bring about an understanding of infectious diseases that can affect this bird, as well as other animals and/or humans, while also adding information of great ecological importance. Thus, the aim of the study was to determine the enterobacteria present in the cloaca of captive roadside hawks and antimicrobial susceptibility profile. Initially, cloacal samples from nine specimens were collected with the aid of swabs. Samples were placed in petri dishes with MacConkey agar, Hektoen agar, EMB agar and Salmonella-Shigella (SS) agar and incubated for 24 h at 35°C. After incubation, the microorganisms were submitted to biochemical testing to confirm the presence of enterobacteria. Thereafter, the susceptibility profile of bacteria to antimicrobial agents was evaluated by a disk diffusion test according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). Escherichia coli (77.8%), Klebsiella oxytoca (11.1%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (11.1%) and Salmonella spp. (55.6%) were isolated from the collected samples. Among the isolates, some bacteria showed resistance to up to three antimicrobial agents. This study has brought greater insight about the enterobacteria present in the roadside hawk (Rupornis magnirostris), exhibiting a significant percentage of enterobacteria important to public health; also, it showed the occurrence of strains with resistance profile to antimicrobial agents.

Anualmente o tráfico de animais silvestres retira milhões de aves da natureza. Os cardeais (Paroaria coronata) e cardeais-do-nordeste (Paroaria dominicana) estão incluídos entre as espécies de aves mais traficadas. A microbiota cloacal de passeriformes de vida livre é composta principalmente por bacilos e cocos gram-positivos, já os bacilos gram-negativos predominam em aves de cativeiro. Em situações de estresse e baixa de imunidade as bactérias gram-negativas podem causar infecções oportunistas. O presente trabalho identificou bactérias da microbiota da cloaca de 49 espécimes de P. coronata e P. dominicana apreendidas do tráfico de animais silvestres em São Paulo (SP). Foram isoladas treze espécies de bactérias gram-negativas, incluindo Salmonella spp. e Pseudomonas aeruginosa. A maior frequência de ocorrência foi de Escherichia coli, identificada em 42/49 (85,7%) das amostras fecais. Dentre os isolados de E. coli, 21/42 pertenciam aos grupos filogenéticos B2 e D, relacionados a estirpes patogênicas que causam doença extraintestinal em humanos. Klebsiella pneumoniae foi isolada em 28/49 (57,1%) das amostras. Esses resultados reforçam que as condições estressantes a que esses animais são submetidos em situações de tráfico, incluindo o contato com humanos, podem favorecer a colonização da microbiota cloacal das aves por patógenos, o que representa um risco para a sua reintrodução na natureza considerando-se o possível contato com humanos e outros animais.

Ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) are obligatory hematophagous ectoparasites of a variety of vertebrate hosts and play an important role in the transmission and ecology of infectious pathogens causing diseases in humans and animals worldwide. Sixty-eight species of ticks exist in Brazil, and at least 23 are found parasitizing wild birds. This number is increasing with the advent of new studies highlighting the underestimated role of birds in the life cycle of these arthropods. In South America, many of these ticks are involved in epidemiology of the life-threatening spotted fever diseases caused by bacteria from the genus Rickettsia (Rickettsiales: Rickettsiaceae). The aim of this paper is to present up-to-date knowledge about the bird-tick fauna of Brazil and their association with rickettsioses. The available literature concerning ticks on birds and tick-borne diseases related to these ticks in Brazil has been revised. It could be concluded that birds play a primary role in life cycles of various tick species, especially during immature stages (larvae and nymphs). The best known is a bird-tick fauna from the Atlantic Forest and from Brazilian savannah called Cerrado in southern and central Brazil, respectively. On the other hand, the knowledge about bird tick parasitism from other Brazilian biomes such as the Amazon, Caatinga, Pantanal and Pampas regions is very scarce and requires further study. Moreover, no studies about the role of birds as mobile hosts for spreading ticks to new areas exist, nor has their role in the natural life cycle of Rickettsia been thoroughly examined.

Passerines such as canaries or finches are the most unlawfully captured species that are sent to wildlife centers in São Paulo, Brazil. Captured birds may have infection by opportunistic bacteria in stressful situations. This fact becomes relevant when seized passerine are reintroduced. The aim of this study was to evaluate the health state of finches from illegal wildlife trade using microbiological approaches. Microbiological samples were collected by cloacal and tracheal swabs of 100 birds, captured during 2012 and 2013. The results indicate high frequency of gram-negative bacteria in feces and oropharynx, especially from the Enterobacteriaceae family (97.5%). The most frequent genera were Escherichia coli (46.5%) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (10.4%). Enterobacter cloacae, Serratia liquefaciens, Serratia spp. Klebsiella oxytoca and Citrobacter freundii were isolated with lower frequency from asymptomatic birds. The presence of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) and Shiga toxin-producing strain (STEC) confirm the zoonotic risks and public health concern.