The objective of this study was to determine the effect of centella leaf extract administration on decreased of the molecule cAMP responsive element modulator (CREM) expression in the testicular seminiferous tubules of male rats (Rattus norvegicus). Eight rats, aged 3.5 months with 150-250 grams of body weight (BW) were used in this study. All rats were divided randomly into four groups as if K0 as a control group whereas K1, K2, and K3 were given the centella leaf extract with doses 125, 250, and 500 mg / kg body weight respectivelly that given once daily for 30 days. At the end of the treatment, rats were sacrificed and their testes were collected and subsequently fixed in buffered neutral formalin (BNF) 10% as fixative solution for histological preparation. The CREMs expressions were detected using immunohistochemical methods. The results showed that the number of CREM expression in the seminiferous tubules significantly differ (P 0.05) between K0 and the treatment group (K1, K2, and K3). Conclusion, the administration of centella leaf extract with of the dose 125, 250, and 500 mg/kg BW can decreased CREM expression spermatids of testicular seminiferous tubules in male rat.

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of centella leaf extract administration on decreased of the molecule cAMP responsive element modulator (CREM) expression in the testicular seminiferous tubules of male rats (Rattus norvegicus). Eight rats, aged 3.5 months with 150-250 grams of body weight (BW) were used in this study. All rats were divided randomly into four groups as if K0 as a control group whereas K1, K2, and K3 were given the centella leaf extract with doses 125, 250, and 500 mg / kg body weight respectivelly that given once daily for 30 days. At the end of the treatment, rats were sacrificed and their testes were collected and subsequently fixed in buffered neutral formalin (BNF) 10% as fixative solution for histological preparation. The CREMs expressions were detected using immunohistochemical methods. The results showed that the number of CREM expression in the seminiferous tubules significantly differ (P 0.05) between K0 and the treatment group (K1, K2, and K3). Conclusion, the administration of centella leaf extract with of the dose 125, 250, and 500 mg/kg BW can decreased CREM expression spermatids of testicular seminiferous tubules in male rat.

The purpose of this research was to compare the use of PCR method and histological examination to diagnose toxoplasmosis in tissues of Balb/c mice infected with sporulated oocysts through drinking water. A total of 20 male Balb/c mice aged approximately 2 months were used in this experiment. Each mouse was infected with 1x103 Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoites intraperitoneally. Tissue samples (liver, lung, heart, kidney, and brain) were collected from 5 mice on day 1, day 5, day 7, and day 9 after infection. Samples were then examined by PCR and histological methods. The data collected were analyzed descriptively. The results showed that PCR method was more sensitive than histological examination. PCR examination using primer invitrogen gen can amplify DNA T. gondii at 436 bp of the samples from liver, lung, heart and brain on Day 7 and Day 9 after infection. The histological examination showed that the cyst of toxoplasma was found in the brain while mononuclear cells infiltration was found in other internal organs.

The purpose of this research was to compare the use of PCR method and histological examination to diagnose toxoplasmosis in tissues of Balb/c mice infected with sporulated oocysts through drinking water. A total of 20 male Balb/c mice aged approximately 2 months were used in this experiment. Each mouse was infected with 1x103 Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoites intraperitoneally. Tissue samples (liver, lung, heart, kidney, and brain) were collected from 5 mice on day 1, day 5, day 7, and day 9 after infection. Samples were then examined by PCR and histological methods. The data collected were analyzed descriptively. The results showed that PCR method was more sensitive than histological examination. PCR examination using primer invitrogen gen can amplify DNA T. gondii at 436 bp of the samples from liver, lung, heart and brain on Day 7 and Day 9 after infection. The histological examination showed that the cyst of toxoplasma was found in the brain while mononuclear cells infiltration was found in other internal organs.

The present study was done to determine the cytotoxic potential of n-hexane extract of Calotropis gigantea L. leaves and its fractions. Here, dried leaves of C. gigantea L. were macerated using n-hexane to obtain crude extract of 21.16 g (1.03%). The components of n-hexane extract of C. gigantea L. leaves were separated with vacuum-liquid chromatography resulted 4 fractions which are A (0.5 g), B (0.9g), C (5.29 g), and D (6.25 g). Phytochemical screening indicated that the extract contained various secondary metabolic compounds such as steroids, terpenoids, saponins, flavonoids, coumarins, and phenolics. Cytotoxic potenital of the crude extract of C. gigantea L. and its fractions was examined using brine shrimp lethality test (BSLT). The LC50 values of C. giganteas n-hexane extract and its fractions that determined by Finney method were 272.27 (n-hexane extract), 31.62 (fraction A), 43.65 (fraction B), 33.89 (fraction C) and 20.98 (fraction D) ?g/mL, respectively. The most active was D fraction contained terpenoids, flavonoids, and phenolics which were assumed contribute to its cytotoxic potential. These results suggested that n-fraction of C. gigantea might possess antitumor or pesticidal activities..

The present study was done to determine the cytotoxic potential of n-hexane extract of Calotropis gigantea L. leaves and its fractions. Here, dried leaves of C. gigantea L. were macerated using n-hexane to obtain crude extract of 21.16 g (1.03%). The components of n-hexane extract of C. gigantea L. leaves were separated with vacuum-liquid chromatography resulted 4 fractions which are A (0.5 g), B (0.9g), C (5.29 g), and D (6.25 g). Phytochemical screening indicated that the extract contained various secondary metabolic compounds such as steroids, terpenoids, saponins, flavonoids, coumarins, and phenolics. Cytotoxic potenital of the crude extract of C. gigantea L. and its fractions was examined using brine shrimp lethality test (BSLT). The LC50 values of C. gigantea’s n-hexane extract and its fractions that determined by Finney method were 272.27 (n-hexane extract), 31.62 (fraction A), 43.65 (fraction B), 33.89 (fraction C) and 20.98 (fraction D) ?g/mL, respectively. The most active was D fraction contained terpenoids, flavonoids, and phenolics which were assumed contribute to its cytotoxic potential. These results suggested that n-fraction of C. gigantea might possess antitumor or pesticidal activities..

One of contribution for Indonesian state from Agriculture sector is livestock animals. This livestock animals in Indonesia is divided to large and small ruminant, poultry, and other commercial animals. All these animals can be infected by some agriculture fungi which causes mycosis. The disease cause economic loss by morbidity and mortality. In chicken (poultry), aspergillosis caused by Aspergillus sp can be very important among mycotic diseases. In ruminant ringworm (dermatofitosis) caused by dermatofit fungi which infected skin, and mastitis caused by fungi in Dairy cattle causes decrease milk production. Histoplasmosis caused by fungi such as Histoplasma farciminosum is called Selakarang, infect horse. This paper discribes these mycotic diseases and control and to give more information of fungal disease caused by some agriculture fungi.

One of contribution for Indonesian state from Agriculture sector is livestock animals. This livestock animals in Indonesia is divided to large and small ruminant, poultry, and other commercial animals. All these animals can be infected by some agriculture fungi which causes mycosis. The disease cause economic loss by morbidity and mortality. In chicken (poultry), aspergillosis caused by Aspergillus sp can be very important among mycotic diseases. In ruminant ringworm (dermatofitosis) caused by dermatofit fungi which infected skin, and mastitis caused by fungi in Dairy cattle causes decrease milk production. Histoplasmosis caused by fungi such as Histoplasma farciminosum is called Selakarang, infect horse. This paper discribes these mycotic diseases and control and to give more information of fungal disease caused by some agriculture fungi.

Animal production can be more efficient and also sustainable if we reduce CH4 production from ruminal fermentation. One option is to find alternative forages that modify rumen fermentation. CH4 is not only harmful the environment but also means loss to the animals. All of the aspects of the issue is related to the condition of ruminants farm in Indonesia. Some other forages that are mainly fed as protein source to ruminants, are: cassava leaves, sweet potato leaves, soya bean leaves, tofu waste, leaves of Artocarpus heterophyllus, Musa paradisiaca L, Ipomea batatas. Roughage sources are hays of Panicum maximum, Pennisetum purpureum, and Setaria sphacelata and the concentrate sources mainly corn, rice bran and cassava waste, and corn cobs. However, there are very limited studies in finding alternative forages that can both increase animals productivity and also reduce CH4 production. Only forages relevant to Indonesia that have been studied in vitro is reviewed in this article, about its potential in reducing CH4 production from rumen fermentation. Even though some forages reduce CH4, it could negatively influence digestibility, hence less productivity. Some studies indicated that it was due to the fat content of the forage while others indicated that the concentration of the bioactive compounds such as condensed tannin influence the side effect of low CH4 ruminal production.

Animal production can be more efficient and also sustainable if we reduce CH4 production from ruminal fermentation. One option is to find alternative forages that modify rumen fermentation. CH4 is not only harmful the environment but also means loss to the animals. All of the aspects of the issue is related to the condition of ruminant’s farm in Indonesia. Some other forages that are mainly fed as protein source to ruminants, are: cassava leaves, sweet potato leaves, soya bean leaves, tofu waste, leaves of Artocarpus heterophyllus, Musa paradisiaca L, Ipomea batatas. Roughage sources are hays of Panicum maximum, Pennisetum purpureum, and Setaria sphacelata and the concentrate sources mainly corn, rice bran and cassava waste, and corn cobs. However, there are very limited studies in finding alternative forages that can both increase animals productivity and also reduce CH4 production. Only forages relevant to Indonesia that have been studied in vitro is reviewed in this article, about its potential in reducing CH4 production from rumen fermentation. Even though some forages reduce CH4, it could negatively influence digestibility, hence less productivity. Some studies indicated that it was due to the fat content of the forage while others indicated that the concentration of the bioactive compounds such as condensed tannin influence the side effect of low CH4 ruminal production.

There were few previsions to strongly expand the growth of scuba diving activity, and nowadays training standards are enforced for safety and also for respecting the natural space where dive tourism takes place. Based on literature review, environmental impacts were noted in terms of providing positive aspects, mainly represented by economic benefits and employment opportunities. The negative side was revealed by wildlife impacts whereby animals change their behavior due harassment or contact with nature-based users, with authors reporting their concerns and measuring the consequences and long-term learning impacts. The over-usage of the reefs can result in physical devastation and chemical contamination. Land development in support of scuba diving can also cause negative impacts and affect the surrounding infrastructure, with alternating living patterns and by creating economic differences among the local society. When dive techniques are mastered, scuba diving itself does not represent a threat to the environment, neither to marine animals, but bad dive practices, poor buoyancy control associated to the lack of awareness can contribute to damage the benthic zone. Divers physical impact on the reef can benefit some species looking for opportunity to feed or compete for space, although, it destroys the habitat and lifting up sediment affect negatively coral structures by inducing stress and reducing the average amount of light.

There were few previsions to strongly expand the growth of scuba diving activity, and nowadays training standards are enforced for safety and also for respecting the natural space where dive tourism takes place. Based on literature review, environmental impacts were noted in terms of providing positive aspects, mainly represented by economic benefits and employment opportunities. The negative side was revealed by wildlife impacts whereby animals change their behavior due harassment or contact with nature-based users, with authors reporting their concerns and measuring the consequences and long-term learning impacts. The over-usage of the reefs can result in physical devastation and chemical contamination. Land development in support of scuba diving can also cause negative impacts and affect the surrounding infrastructure, with alternating living patterns and by creating economic differences among the local society. When dive techniques are mastered, scuba diving itself does not represent a threat to the environment, neither to marine animals, but bad dive practices, poor buoyancy control associated to the lack of awareness can contribute to damage the benthic zone. Divers physical impact on the reef can benefit some species looking for opportunity to feed or compete for space, although, it destroys the habitat and lifting up sediment affect negatively coral structures by inducing stress and reducing the average amount of light.

Industries based on small ruminants are major contributors to world food supply but, in many production systems, reproductive technology is not directly relevant. In addition, there is a general need to embrace the vision for products that are clean, green and ethical (CGE). In the concept of CGE management, the environment of the animal is used to control reproduction rather than technological tools. Nutrition is the primary factor but, rather than feeding ruminants with potential human food, we need to focus on forages with occasional smart supplements. This focus also opens up opportunities new forages can supply energy and protein whilst improving animal health and welfare, and reducing carbon emissions.Nutritional inputs must be accurately coordinated with reproductive events to ensure that the metabolic signals are appropriate to the stage of the reproductive process. To control the timing of reproduction, we begin with simply managing the presence of the male but then seek more precision through the greater use of ultrasound.Finally, genetic improvement should be part of every industry strategy and it is critical in the long-term development of CGE management. Most aspects of CGE management have a strong genetic component, as evidenced by variation among genotypes, and among individuals within genotypes. For example, a combination of nutritional management with genetic improvement in the rate of muscle accumulation can accelerate sexual maturity, potentially leading to simultaneous improvements in meat production, reproductive efficiency and environmental footprint.For each local situation, we need to introduce the various elements of the CGE package in stages, adapting the process to cover variations in genotype and in geographical and socio-economic environments. Some concepts might need further research and development for local conditions. Ultimately, CGE management is a simple and cost-effective way to improve productivity whilst safeguarding the future of the livestock industries.

Industries based on small ruminants are major contributors to world food supply but, in many production systems, reproductive technology is not directly relevant. In addition, there is a general need to embrace the vision for products that are ‘clean, green and ethical’ (CGE). In the concept of CGE management, the environment of the animal is used to control reproduction rather than technological tools. Nutrition is the primary factor but, rather than feeding ruminants with potential human food, we need to focus on forages with occasional ‘smart supplements’. This focus also opens up opportunities – new forages can supply energy and protein whilst improving animal health and welfare, and reducing carbon emissions. Nutritional inputs must be accurately coordinated with reproductive events to ensure that the metabolic signals are appropriate to the stage of the reproductive process. To control the timing of reproduction, we begin with simply managing the presence of the male but then seek more precision through the greater use of ultrasound. Finally, genetic improvement should be part of every industry strategy and it is critical in the long-term development of CGE management. Most aspects of CGE management have a strong genetic component, as evidenced by variation among genotypes, and among individuals within genotypes. For example, a combination of nutritional management with genetic improvement in the rate of muscle accumulation can accelerate sexual maturity, potentially leading to simultaneous improvements in meat production, reproductive efficiency and environmental footprint. For each local situation, we need to introduce the various elements of the CGE package in stages, adapting the process to cover variations in genotype and in geographical and socio-economic environments. Some concepts might need further research and development for local conditions. Ultimately, CGE management is a simple and cost-effective way to improve productivity whilst safeguarding the future of the livestock industries.

Experiments were conducted to determine whether thigh meat from death chicken can be identified through Warner-Bratzler (WB) shear value and using the impedance value. Thirty of thigh meat (Biceps femoris) were obtained from commercial slaughtering house classified into three groups namely halal slaughtered healthy chicken (AHS), slaughtered death chicken (AMS), and slaughtered stressed chicken (ALS). Biceps femoris muscles were used to microscopic procedures and to assess WB score values and impedance values. This study showed that shear values of AMS thigh meat were lower than AHS and ALS after 5 and 9 h PM. This study indicated that the impedance value of AMS were significantly lower (P0.05) than AHS and ALS, it can be used to distinguish between halal thigh and the thigh meat from slaughtered death chicken.

Experiments were conducted to determine whether thigh meat from death chicken can be identified through Warner-Bratzler (WB) shear value and using the impedance value.  Thirty of thigh meat (Biceps femoris) were obtained from commercial slaughtering house classified into three groups namely halal slaughtered healthy chicken (AHS), slaughtered death chicken (AMS), and slaughtered stressed chicken (ALS).  Biceps femoris muscles were used to microscopic procedures and to assess WB score values and impedance values. This study showed that shear values of AMS thigh meat were lower than AHS and ALS after 5 and 9 h PM. This study indicated that the impedance value of AMS were significantly lower (P0.05) than AHS and ALS, it can be used to distinguish between halal thigh and the thigh meat from slaughtered death chicken.

The purpose of this study was to characterize the bacterial 16S rRNA gene of Sumatran orangutan (Pongo abelii) Bukittinggi West Sumatera zoo. The sample used in this study are lactic acid bacteria of the Sumatran orangutan (Pongo abelii) derived from zoo Bukittinggi West Sumatra Indonesia. This study was an exploratory study that conducted at the Laboratory through several stages. The first stage was the isolation of LAB from faeces of Sumatran orangutans using MRS agar medium and then cultured in a liquid medium NB. The next stage was the isolation of total DNA, and then, the third stage was the amplification of the 16S rRNA gene and agarose gel electrophoresis. Then,in the fourth stage of determining the DNA sequence and analysis of DNA sequence homology. The final stage was the computational analysis of 16S rRNA gene Sumatran orangutan (Pongo abelii). The results showed that lactic acid bacteria (LAB) from the Sumatran orangutan (Pongo abelii) is close to lactic acid bacteria Lactobacillus helveticus strain IMAU50151 with the levelof similarity of 89%. It is possible that these bacteria is a new species or the species that LAB has not been reported in Genbank.

The purpose of this study was to characterize the bacterial 16S rRNA gene of Sumatran orangutan (Pongo abelii) Bukittinggi West Sumatera zoo. The sample used in this study are lactic acid bacteria of the Sumatran orangutan (Pongo abelii) derived from zoo Bukittinggi West Sumatra Indonesia. This study was an exploratory study that conducted at the Laboratory through several stages. The first stage was the isolation of LAB from faeces of Sumatran orangutans using MRS agar medium and then cultured in a liquid medium NB. The next stage was the isolation of total DNA, and then, the third stage was the amplification of the 16S rRNA gene and agarose gel electrophoresis. Then,in the fourth stage of determining the DNA sequence and analysis of DNA sequence homology. The final stage was the computational analysis of 16S rRNA gene Sumatran orangutan (Pongo abelii). The results showed that lactic acid bacteria (LAB) from the Sumatran orangutan (Pongo abelii) is close to lactic acid bacteria Lactobacillus helveticus strain IMAU50151 with the levelof similarity of 89%. It is possible that these bacteria is a new species or the species that LAB has not been reported in Genbank.

The study was conducted in the Tinggi Raja village and Sumber Harapan Village of Sub district Tinggi Raja, in the Asahan District. Each location study has the same agro-ecosystems. The study was conducted using survey method in year of 2013 by interviewing 15 farmers respondent as cooperators and 15 non-cooperators. Primary data and secondary data were analyzed economically, using descriptive and quantitative tabulation. The purpose of this study was to determine the increase in business of goat breeders for economic analysis. The results showed that the net profit of the business of goats in cooperators breeders at the amount of Rp.8.411.168,83/year, B/C ratio of 1.4. Then for the non-cooperator farmers at the amount of Rp.1.644.051.24/year, B/C ratio of 1.2. This data showed that the benefit of farmer cooperators is higher than the non cooperator breeders. Therefore we need to implement the introduction of technological innovations for the farmer in non-cooperators breeders. For cooperators they could get into commercial business, that resulted in their goats achieving a higher market value in terms of price.

The study was conducted in the Tinggi Raja village and Sumber Harapan Village of Sub district Tinggi Raja, in the Asahan District. Each location study has the same agro-ecosystems. The study was conducted using survey method in year of 2013 by interviewing 15 farmers respondent as cooperators and 15 non-cooperators. Primary data and secondary data were analyzed economically, using descriptive and quantitative tabulation. The purpose of this study was to determine the increase in business of goat breeders for economic analysis. The results showed that the net profit of the business of goats in cooperators breeders at the amount of Rp.8.411.168,83/year, B/C ratio of 1.4. Then for the non-cooperator farmers at the amount of Rp.1.644.051.24/year, B/C ratio of 1.2. This data showed that the benefit of farmer cooperators is higher than the non cooperator breeders. Therefore we need to implement the introduction of technological innovations for the farmer in non-cooperators breeders. For cooperators they could get into commercial business, that resulted in their goats achieving a higher market value in terms of price.